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Register a new userA Compact Deep Learning Model for Face Spoofing Detection
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Added by
Mohammad Akbari
Publication date
2021
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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In recent years, face biometric security systems are rapidly increasing, therefore, the presentation attack detection (PAD) has received significant attention from research communities and has become a major field of research. Researchers have tackled the problem with various methods, from exploiting conventional texture feature extraction such as LBP, BSIF, and LPQ to using deep neural networks with different architectures. Despite the results each of these techniques has achieved for a certain attack scenario or dataset, most of them still failed to generalized the problem for unseen conditions, as the efficiency of each is limited to certain type of presentation attacks and instruments (PAI). In this paper, instead of completely extracting hand-crafted texture features or relying only on deep neural networks, we address the problem via fusing both wide and deep features in a unified neural architecture. The main idea is to take advantage of the strength of both methods to derive well-generalized solution for the problem. We also evaluated the effectiveness of our method by comparing the results with each of the mentioned techniques separately. The procedure is done on different spoofing datasets such as ROSE-Youtu, SiW and NUAA Imposter datasets. In particular, we simultanously learn a low dimensional latent space empowered with data-driven features learnt via Convolutional Neural Network designes for spoofing detection task (i.e., deep channel) as well as leverages spoofing detection feature already popular for spoofing in frequency and temporal dimensions ( i.e., via wide channel).
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Face anti-spoofing (FAS) has lately attracted increasing attention due to its vital role in securing face recognition systems from presentation attacks (PAs). As more and more realistic PAs with novel types spring up, traditional FAS methods based on handcrafted features become unreliable due to their limited representation capacity. With the emergence of large-scale academic datasets in the recent decade, deep learning based FAS achieves remarkable performance and dominates this area. However, existing reviews in this field mainly focus on the handcrafted features, which are outdated and uninspiring for the progress of FAS community. In this paper, to stimulate future research, we present the first comprehensive review of recent advances in deep learning based FAS. It covers several novel and insightful components: 1) besides supervision with binary label (e.g., 0 for bonafide vs. 1 for PAs), we also investigate recent methods with pixel-wise supervision (e.g., pseudo depth map); 2) in addition to traditional intra-dataset evaluation, we collect and analyze the latest methods specially designed for domain generalization and open-set FAS; and 3) besides commercial RGB camera, we summarize the deep learning applications under multi-modal (e.g., depth and infrared) or specialized (e.g., light field and flash) sensors. We conclude this survey by emphasizing current open issues and highlighting potential prospects.
Face anti-spoofing is designed to keep face recognition systems from recognizing fake faces as the genuine users. While advanced face anti-spoofing methods are developed, new types of spoof attacks are also being created and becoming a threat to all existing systems. We define the detection of unknown spoof attacks as Zero-Shot Face Anti-spoofing (ZSFA). Previous works of ZSFA only study 1-2 types of spoof attacks, such as print/replay attacks, which limits the insight of this problem. In this work, we expand the ZSFA problem to a wide range of 13 types of spoof attacks, including print attack, replay attack, 3D mask attacks, and so on. A novel Deep Tree Network (DTN) is proposed to tackle the ZSFA. The tree is learned to partition the spoof samples into semantic sub-groups in an unsupervised fashion. When a data sample arrives, being know or unknown attacks, DTN routes it to the most similar spoof cluster, and make the binary decision. In addition, to enable the study of ZSFA, we introduce the first face anti-spoofing database that contains diverse types of spoof attacks. Experiments show that our proposed method achieves the state of the art on multiple testing protocols of ZSFA.
Face anti-spoofing is crucial for the security of face recognition system, by avoiding invaded with presentation attack. Previous works have shown the effectiveness of using depth and temporal supervision for this task. However, depth supervision is often considered only in a single frame, and temporal supervision is explored by utilizing certain signals which is not robust to the change of scenes. In this work, motivated by two stream ConvNets, we propose a novel two stream FreqSaptialTemporalNet for face anti-spoofing which simultaneously takes advantage of frequent, spatial and temporal information. Compared with existing methods which mine spoofing cues in multi-frame RGB image, we make multi-frame spectrum image as one input stream for the discriminative deep neural network, encouraging the primary difference between live and fake video to be automatically unearthed. Extensive experiments show promising improvement results using the proposed architecture. Meanwhile, we proposed a concise method to obtain a large amount of spoofing training data by utilizing a frequent augmentation pipeline, which contributes detail visualization between live and fake images as well as data insufficiency issue when training large networks.
Face anti-spoofing is critical to the security of face recognition systems. Depth supervised learning has been proven as one of the most effective methods for face anti-spoofing. Despite the great success, most previous works still formulate the problem as a single-frame multi-task one by simply augmenting the loss with depth, while neglecting the detailed fine-grained information and the interplay between facial depths and moving patterns. In contrast, we design a new approach to detect presentation attacks from multiple frames based on two insights: 1) detailed discriminative clues (e.g., spatial gradient magnitude) between living and spoofing face may be discarded through stacked vanilla convolutions, and 2) the dynamics of 3D moving faces provide important clues in detecting the spoofing faces. The proposed method is able to capture discriminative details via Residual Spatial Gradient Block (RSGB) and encode spatio-temporal information from Spatio-Temporal Propagation Module (STPM) efficiently. Moreover, a novel Contrastive Depth Loss is presented for more accurate depth supervision. To assess the efficacy of our method, we also collect a Double-modal Anti-spoofing Dataset (DMAD) which provides actual depth for each sample. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art results on five benchmark datasets including OULU-NPU, SiW, CASIA-MFSD, Replay-Attack, and the new DMAD. Codes will be available at https://github.com/clks-wzz/FAS-SGTD.
Face anti-spoofing is crucial to the security of face recognition systems. Most previous methods formulate face anti-spoofing as a supervised learning problem to detect various predefined presentation attacks, which need large scale training data to cover as many attacks as possible. However, the trained model is easy to overfit several common attacks and is still vulnerable to unseen attacks. To overcome this challenge, the detector should: 1) learn discriminative features that can generalize to unseen spoofing types from predefined presentation attacks; 2) quickly adapt to new spoofing types by learning from both the predefined attacks and a few examples of the new spoofing types. Therefore, we define face anti-spoofing as a zero- and few-shot learning problem. In this paper, we propose a novel Adaptive Inner-update Meta Face Anti-Spoofing (AIM-FAS) method to tackle this problem through meta-learning. Specifically, AIM-FAS trains a meta-learner focusing on the task of detecting unseen spoofing types by learning from predefined living and spoofing faces and a few examples of new attacks. To assess the proposed approach, we propose several benchmarks for zero- and few-shot FAS. Experiments show its superior performances on the presented benchmarks to existing methods in existing zero-shot FAS protocols.
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