This is an English translation of Nikolai Chebotaryovs paper Die Probleme der modernen Galoisschen Theorie from 1932. An excerpt from this paper was given as a lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich in 1932. With the lecture being given to commememorate the centennial of Evariste Galois death, the paper is a broad survey of various contemporary problems in Galois Theory the author found represented the culminations of work done by Galois and his successors.