Laser-induced electron diffraction of the ultrafast umbrella motion in ammonia

Visualizing molecular transformations in real-time requires a structural retrieval method with {AA}ngstrom spatial and femtosecond temporal atomic resolution. Imaging of hydrogen-containing molecules additionally requires an imaging method that is sensitive to the atomic positions of hydrogen nuclei, with most methods possessing relatively low sensitivity to hydrogen scattering. Laser-induced electron diffraction (LIED) is a table top technique that can image ultrafast structural changes of gas-phase polyatomic molecules with sub-{AA}ngstrom and femtosecond spatiotemporal resolution together with relatively high sensitivity to hydrogen scattering. Here, we image the umbrella motion of an isolated ammonia molecule (NH$_3$) following its strong field ionization. Upon ionization of a neutral ammonia molecule, the ammonia cation (NH$_3^+$) undergoes an ultrafast geometrical transformation from a pyramidal ($Phi_{HNH} = 107 ^circ$) to planar ($Phi_{HNH}=120^circ$) structure in approximately 8 femtoseconds. Using LIED, we retrieve a near-planar ($Phi_{HNH}=117 pm 5^circ$) field-dressed NH$_3^+$ molecular structure $7.8-9.8$ femtoseconds after ionization. Our measured field-dressed NH$_3^+$ structure is in excellent agreement with our calculated equilibrium field dressed structure using quantum chemical ab initio calculations.