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Register a new userFeasibility of space-based measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution
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The measurement-device-independent (MDI) QKD is considered to be an alternative to overcome the currently trusted satellite paradigm. However, the feasibility of the space-based MDI-QKD remains unclear in terms of the factors: the high-loss uplink between a ground station and a satellite, the limited duration when two ground stations are simultaneously visible, as well as the rigorous requirements for the two-photon interference when performing the Bell-state Measurement (BSM). In this paper, we present a feasibility assessment of space-based MDI-QKD based on the Micius satellite. Integrated with the orbital dynamics model and atmosphere channel model, a framework is presented to explore the whole parameters space including orbit height, elevation angle, apertures of transceiver and atmospheric turbulence intensity to give the considerations for improving key rates and subsequently provide a relevant parameter tradeoff for the implementation of space-based MDI-QKD. We further investigate the heart of MDI-QKD, the two-photon interference considerations such as the frequency calibration and time synchronization technology against Doppler shift, and the way of performing the intensity optimization method in the dynamic and asymmetric channels. Our work can be used as a pathfinder to support decisions involving as the selection of the future quantum communication satellite missions.
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Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD), based on two-photon interference, is immune to all attacks against the detection system and allows a QKD network with untrusted relays. Since the MDI-QKD protocol was proposed, fibre-based implementations have been rapidly developed towards longer distance, higher key rates, and network verification. However, owing to the effect of atmospheric turbulence, MDI-QKD over free-space channel remains experimentally challenging. Here, by developing the robust adaptive optics system, high precision time synchronization and frequency locking between independent photon sources located far apart, we realised the first free-space MDI-QKD over a 19.2-km urban atmospheric channel, which well exceeds the effective atmospheric thickness. Our experiment takes the first step towards satellite-based MDI-QKD. Moreover, the technology developed here opens the way to quantum experiments in free space involving long-distance interference of independent single photons.
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) is a revolutionary protocol since it is physically immune to all attacks on the detection side. However, the protocol still keeps the strict assumptions on the source side that the four BB84-states must be perfectly prepared to ensure security. Some protocols release part of the assumptions in the encoding system to keep the practical security, but the performances would be dramatically reduced. In this work, we present an MDIQKD protocol that requires less knowledge for the coding system while the original good properties are still retained. We have also experimentally demonstrated the protocol. The result indicates the high-performance and good security for its practical applications. Besides, its robustness and flexibility exhibit a good value for complex scenarios such as the QKD networks.
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) is proved to be able to eliminate all potential detector side channel attacks. Combining with the reference frame independent (RFI) scheme, the complexity of practical system can be reduced because of the unnecessary alignment for reference frame. Here, based on polarization multiplexing, we propose a time-bin encoding structure, and experimentally demonstrate the RFI-MDI-QKD protocol. Thanks to this, two of the four Bell states can be distinguished, whereas only one is used to generate the secure key in previous RFI-MDI-QKD experiments. As far as we know, this is the first demonstration for RFI-MDI-QKD protocol with clock rate of 50 MHz and distance of more than hundred kilometers between legitimate parties Alice and Bob. In asymptotic case, we experimentally compare RFI-MDI-QKD protocol with the original MDI-QKD protocol at the transmission distance of 160 km, when the different misalignments of the reference frame are deployed. By considering observables and statistical fluctuations jointly, four-intensity decoy-state RFI-MDI-QKD protocol with biased bases is experimentally achieved at the transmission distance of 100km and 120km. The results show the robustness of our scheme, and the key rate of RFI-MDI-QKD can be improved obviously under a large misalignment of the reference frame.
Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) can eliminate all detector side-channel loopholes and has shown excellent performance in long-distance secret keys sharing. Conventional security proofs, however, require additional assumptions on sources and that can be compromised through uncharacterized side channels in practice. Here, we present a general formalism based on reference technique to prove the security of MDI-QKD against any possible sources imperfection and/or side channels. With this formalism, we investigate the asymptotic performance of single-photon sources without any extra assumptions on the state preparations. Our results highlight the importance of transmitters security.
Untrusted node networks initially implemented by measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocol are a crucial step on the roadmap of the quantum Internet. Considering extensive QKD implementations of trusted node networks, a workable upgrading tactic of existing networks toward MDI networks needs to be explicit. Here, referring to the nonstandalone (NSA) network of 5G, we propose an NSA-MDI scheme as an evolutionary selection for existing phase-encoding BB84 networks. Our solution can upgrade the BB84 networks and terminals that employ various phase-encoding schemes to immediately support MDI without hardware changes. This cost-effective upgrade effectively promotes the deployment of MDI networks as a step of untrusted node networks while taking full advantage of existing networks. In addition, the diversified demands on security and bandwidth are satisfied, and network survivability is improved.
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