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Steve Gull, in unpublished work available on his Cambridge University homepage, has outlined a proof of Bells theorem using Fourier theory. Gulls philosophy is that Bells theorem can be seen as a no-go theorem for a project in distributed computing (with classical, not quantum, computers!). We present his argument, correcting misprints and filling gaps. In his argument, there were two completely separated computers in the network. We need three in order to fill all the gaps in his proof: a third computer supplies a stream of random numbers to the two computers, which represent the two measurement stations in Bells work. At the end of the day, one can imagine that computer replaced by a cloned, virtual computer, generating the same pseudo-random numbers within each of Alice and Bobs computers. Gulls proof then just needs a third step: writing an expectation as the expectation of a conditional expectation, given the hidden variables.
Historically, Ehrenfests theorem (1927) is the first one which shows that classical physics can emerge from quantum physics as a kind of approximation. We recall the theorem in its original form. Next, we highlight its generalizations to the relativistic Dirac particle, and to a particle with spin and izospin. We argue that apparent classicality of the macroscopic world can probably be explained within the framework of standard quantum mechanics.
According to the Goldstone theorem a scalar theory with a spontaneously broken global symmetry contains strictly massless states. In this letter we identify a loophole in the current-algebra proof of the theorem. Therefore, the question whether in models with Mexican hat potential the tangential excitations are strictly massless or are just almost massless as compared to the radial ones remains open. We also argue that mass of the tangential excitations approaches zero even if the symmetry is not spontaneously broken but a combination of the field components invariant under the symmetry transformations acquires a large vacuum expectation value.
In 1947, M. S. Macphail constructed a series in $ell_{1}$ that converges unconditionally but does not converge absolutely. According to the literature, this result helped Dvoretzky and Rogers to finally answer a long standing problem of Banach Space Theory, by showing that in all infinite-dimensional Banach spaces, there exists an unconditionally summable sequence that fails to be absolutely summable. More precisely, the Dvoretzky--Rogers Theorem asserts that in every infinite-dimensional Banach space $E$ there exists an unconditionally convergent series ${textstylesum}x^{(j)}$ such that ${textstylesum}Vert x^{(j)}Vert^{^{2-varepsilon}}=infty$ for all $varepsilon>0.$ Their proof is non-constructive and Macphails result for $E=ell_{1}$ provides a constructive proof just for $varepsilongeq1.$ In this note we revisit Machphails paper and present two alternative constructions that work for all $varepsilon>0.$
We show that among sets of finite perimeter balls are the only volume-constrained critical points of the perimeter functional.
We present a proof of Chows theorem using two results of Errett Bishop retated to volumes and limits of analytic varieties. We think this approach suggested a long time ago in the beautiful book by Gabriel Stolzenberg, is very attractive and easier for students and newcomers to understand, also the theory presented here is linked to areas of mathematics that are not usually associated with Chows theorem. Furthermore, Bishops results imply both Chows and Remmert-Steins theorems directly, meaning that this approach is more economic and just as profound as Remmert-Steins proof. At the end of the paper there is a comparison table that explains how Bishops theorems generalize to several complex variables classical results of one complex variable.