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Masking of quantum information spreads it over nonlocal correlations and hides it from the subsystems. It is known that no operation can simultaneously mask all pure states [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 230501 (2018)], so in what sense is quantum information masking useful? Here, we extend the definition of quantum information masking to general mixed states, and show that the resource of maskable quantum states are far more abundant than the no-go theorem seemingly suggests. Geometrically, the simultaneously maskable states lays on hyperdisks in the state hypersphere, and strictly contain the broadcastable states. We devise a photonic quantum information masking machine using time-correlated photons to experimentally investigate the properties of qubit masking, and demonstrate the transfer of quantum information into bipartite correlations and its faithful retrieval. The versatile masking machine has decent extensibility, and may be applicable to quantum secret sharing and fault-tolerant quantum communication. Our results provide some insights on the comprehension and potential application of quantum information masking.
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The no-masking theorem says that masking quantum information is impossible in a bipartite scenario. However, there exist schemes to mask quantum states in multipartite systems. In this work, we show that, the joint measurement in the teleportation is really a masking process, when the apparatus is regarded as a quantum participant in the whole system.Based on the view, we present two four-partite maskers and a tripartite masker. One of the former provides a generalization in arbitrary dimension of the four-qubit scheme given by Li and Wang [Phys. Rev. A 98, 062306 (2018)], and the latter is precisely their tripartite scheme. The occupation probabilities and coherence of quantum states are masked in two steps of our schemes. And the information can be extracted naturally in their reverse processes.
By popular request we post these old (from 2001) lecture notes of the Varenna Summer School Proceedings. The original was published as J. I. Cirac, L. M. Duan, and P. Zoller, in Experimental Quantum Computation and Information Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi, Course CXLVIII, p. 263, edited by F. Di Martini and C. Monroe (IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2002).
Quantum communication is the art of transferring quantum states, or quantum bits of information (qubits), from one place to another. On the fundamental side, this allows one to distribute entanglement and demonstrate quantum nonlocality over significant distances. On the more applied side, quantum cryptography offers, for the first time in human history, a provably secure way to establish a confidential key between distant partners. Photons represent the natural flying qubit carriers for quantum communication, and the presence of telecom optical fibres makes the wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm particulary suitable for distribution over long distances. However, to store and process quantum information, qubits could be encoded into alkaline atoms that absorb and emit at around 800 nm wavelength. Hence, future quantum information networks made of telecom channels and alkaline memories will demand interfaces able to achieve qubit transfers between these useful wavelengths while preserving quantum coherence and entanglement. Here we report on a qubit transfer between photons at 1310 and 710 nm via a nonlinear up-conversion process with a success probability greater than 5%. In the event of a successful qubit transfer, we observe strong two-photon interference between the 710 nm photon and a third photon at 1550 nm, initially entangled with the 1310 nm photon, although they never directly interacted. The corresponding fidelity is higher than 98%.
Here, we show the implementation of a complete cycle of a quantum engine fuelled by information. This engine is a quantum version of the Szilard engine, where information is used to extract heat from the environment and fully convert it into work. In our experiment, this work is used to make a weight, initially in the ground state, reach its excited state. We measure the energy and the state of each component of the engine, after each step of the cycle, and compare them with the theoretical prediction to show that the cycle is implemented with high precision. We also perform experiments to show that the engine is well isolated from the environment after the heat extraction, and we measure the entropy of the weight to show the full conversion of heat into work. Thus, we successfully demonstrate that information can be used as a fuel for single-reservoir engines.
Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
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