For an infinite penny graph, we study the finite-dimensional property for the space of harmonic functions, or ancient solutions of the heat equation, of polynomial growth. We prove the asymptotically sharp dimensional estimate for the above spaces.
We consider harmonic functions of polynomial growth of some order $d$ on Cayley graphs of groups of polynomial volume growth of order $D$ w.r.t. the word metric and prove the optimal estimate for the dimension of the space of such harmonic functions. More precisely, the dimension of this space of harmonic functions is at most of order $d^{D-1}$. As in the already known Riemannian case, this estimate is polynomial in the growth degree. More generally, our techniques also apply to graphs roughly isometric to Cayley graphs of groups of polynomial volume growth.
In the present paper, we develop geometric analytic techniques on Cayley graphs of finitely generated abelian groups to study the polynomial growth harmonic functions. We develop a geometric analytic proof of the classical Heilbronn theorem and the recent Nayar theorem on polynomial growth harmonic functions on lattices $mathds{Z}^n$ that does not use a representation formula for harmonic functions. We also calculate the precise dimension of the space of polynomial growth harmonic functions on finitely generated abelian groups. While the Cayley graph not only depends on the abelian group, but also on the choice of a generating set, we find that this dimension depends only on the group itself.
Suppose $(M,g)$ is a Riemannian manifold having dimension $n$, nonnegative Ricci curvature, maximal volume growth and unique tangent cone at infinity. In this case, the tangent cone at infinity $C(X)$ is an Euclidean cone over the cross-section $X$. Denote by $alpha=lim_{rrightarrowinfty}frac{mathrm{Vol}(B_{r}(p))}{r^{n}}$ the asymptotic volume ratio. Let $h_{k}=h_{k}(M)$ be the dimension of the space of harmonic functions with polynomial growth of growth order at most $k$. In this paper, we prove a upper bound of $h_{k}$ in terms of the counting function of eigenvalues of $X$. As a corollary, we obtain $lim_{krightarrowinfty}k^{1-n}h_{k}=frac{2alpha}{(n-1)!omega_{n}}$. These results are sharp, as they recover the corresponding well-known properties of $h_{k}(mathbb{R}^{n})$. In particular, these results hold on manifolds with nonnegative sectional curvature and maximal volume growth.
We prove an analogue of Yaus Caccioppoli-type inequality for nonnegative subharmonic functions on graphs. We then obtain a Liouville theorem for harmonic or non-negative subharmonic functions of class Lq, 1<=q<infty, on any graph, and a quantitative version for q > 1. Also, we provide counterexamples for Liouville theorems for 0 < q < 1.
For a harmonic function u on Euclidean space, this note shows that its gradient is essentially determined by the geometry of its level hypersurfaces. Specifically, the factor by which |grad(u)| changes along a gradient flow is completely determined by the mean curvature of the level hypersurfaces intersecting the flow.