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Register a new userThe Geometry and Dynamical Role of Stellar Wind Bubbles in Photoionised HII Regions
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Winds from young massive stars contribute a large amount of energy to their host molecular clouds. This has consequences for the dynamics and observable structure of star-forming clouds. In this paper, we present radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations of turbulent molecular clouds that form individual stars of 30, 60 and 120 solar masses emitting winds and ultraviolet radiation following realistic stellar evolution tracks. We find that winds contribute to the total radial momentum carried by the expanding nebula around the star at 10 % of the level of photoionisation feedback, and have only a small effect on the radial expansion of the nebula. Radiation pressure is largely negligible in the systems studied here. The 3D geometry and evolution of wind bubbles is highly aspherical and chaotic, characterised by fast-moving chimneys and thermally-driven plumes. These plumes can sometimes become disconnected from the stellar source due to dense gas flows in the cloud. Our results compare favourably with the findings of relevant simulations, analytic models and observations in the literature while demonstrating the need for full 3D simulations including stellar winds. However, more targeted simulations are needed to better understand results from observational studies.
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Mid-infrared arcs of dust emission are often seen near ionizing stars within HII regions. A possible explanations for these arcs is that they could show the outer edges of asymmetric stellar wind bubbles. We use two-dimensional, radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of wind bubbles within HII regions around individual stars to predict the infrared emission properties of the dust within the HII region. We assume that dust and gas are dynamically well-coupled and that dust properties (composition, size distribution) are the same in the HII region as outside it, and that the wind bubble contains no dust. We post-process the simulations to make synthetic intensity maps at infrared wavebands using the TORUS code. We find that the outer edge of a wind bubble emits brightly at 24um through starlight absorbed by dust grains and re-radiated thermally in the infrared. This produces a bright arc of emission for slowly moving stars that have asymmetric wind bubbles, even for cases where there is no bow shock or any corresponding feature in tracers of gas emission. The 24um intensity decreases exponentially from the arc with increasing distance from the star because the dust temperature decreases with distance. The size distribution and composition of the dust grains has quantitative but not qualitative effects on our results. Despite the simplifications of our model, we find good qualitative agreement with observations of the HII region RCW120, and can provide physical explanations for any quantitative differences. Our model produces an infrared arc with the same shape and size as the arc around CD -38 11636 in RCW120, and with comparable brightness. This suggests that infrared arcs around O stars in HII regions may be revealing the extent of stellar wind bubbles, although we have not excluded other explanations.
We present an analysis of late-O/early-B-powered, parsec-sized bubbles and associated star-formation using 2MASS, GLIMPSE, MIPSGAL and MAGPIS surveys. Three bubbles were selected from the Churchwell et al. (2007) catalog. We confirm that the structure identified in Watson et al. (2008) holds in less energetic bubbles, i.e. a PDR, identified by 8 um emission due to PAHs surrounds hot dust, identified by 24 um emission and ionized gas, identified by 20 cm continuum. We estimate the dynamical age of two bubbles by comparing bubble sizes to numerical models of Hosokawa & Inutsuka (2006). We also identify and analyze candidate young stellar objects (YSOs) using SED fitting and identify sites of possible triggered star-formation. Lastly, we identify likely ionizing sources for two sources based on SED fitting.
Stellar feedback is needed to produce realistic giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and galaxies in simulations, but due to limited numerical resolution, feedback must be implemented using subgrid models. Observational work is an important means to test and anchor these models, but limited studies have assessed the relative dynamical role of multiple feedback modes, particularly at the earliest stages of expansion when HII regions are still deeply embedded. In this paper, we use multiwavelength (radio, infrared, and X-ray) data to measure the pressures associated with direct radiation ($P_{rm dir}$), dust-processed radiation ($P_{rm IR}$), photoionization heating ($P_{rm HII}$), and shock-heating from stellar winds ($P_{rm X}$) in a sample of 106 young, resolved HII regions with radii $lesssim$0.5 pc to determine how stellar feedback drives their expansion. We find that the $P_{rm IR}$ dominates in 84% of the regions and that the median $P_{rm dir}$ and $P_{rm HII}$ are smaller than the median $P_{rm IR}$ by factors of $approx 6$ and $approx 9$, respectively. Based on the radial dependences of the pressure terms, we show that HII regions transition from $P_{rm IR}$-dominated to $P_{rm HII}$-dominated at radii of $sim$3 pc. We find a median trapping factor of $f_{rm trap} sim$ 8 without any radial dependence for the sample, suggesting this value can be adopted in sub-grid feedback models. Moreover, we show that the total pressure is greater than the gravitational pressure in the majority of our sample, indicating that the feedback is sufficient to expel gas from the regions.
Initial results are presented from 3D MHD modelling of stellar-wind bubbles around O stars moving supersonically through the ISM. We describe algorithm updates that enable high-resolution 3D MHD simulations at reasonable computational cost. We apply the methods to the simulation of the astrosphere of a rotating massive star moving with 30 km/s through the diffuse interstellar medium, for two different stellar magnetic field strengths, 10 G and 100 G. Features in the flow are described and compared with similar models for the Heliosphere. The shocked interstellar medium becomes asymmetric with the inclusion of a magnetic field misaligned with the stars direction of motion, with observable consequences. When the Alfvenic Mach number of the wind is $leq$10 then the stellar magnetic field begins to affect the structure of the wind bubble and features related to the magnetic axis of the star become visible at parsec scales. Prospects for predicting and measuring non-thermal radiation are discussed.
Massive stars are expected to produce wind-blown bubbles in the interstellar medium; however, ring nebulae, suggesting the existence of bubbles, are rarely seen around main-sequence O stars. To search for wind-blown bubbles around main-sequence O stars, we have obtained high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 images and high-dispersion echelle spectra of two pristine HII regions, N11B and N180B, in the Large Magellanic Cloud. These HII regions are ionized by OB associations that still contain O3 stars, suggesting that the HII regions are young and have not hosted any supernova explosions. Our observations show that wind-blown bubbles in these HII regions can be detected kinematically but not morphologically because their expansion velocities are comparable to or only slightly higher than the isothermal sound velocity in the HII regions. Bubbles are detected around concentrations of massive stars, individual O stars, and even an evolved red supergiant (a fossil bubble). Comparisons between the observed bubble dynamics and model predictions show a large discrepancy (1--2 orders of magnitude) between the stellar wind luminosity derived from bubble observations and models and that derived from observations of stellar winds. The number and distribution of bubbles in N11B differ from those in N180B, which can be explained by the difference in the richness of stellar content between these two HII regions. Most of the bubbles observed in N11B and N180B show a blister-structure, indicating that the stars were formed on the surfaces of dense clouds. Numerous small dust clouds, similar to Bok globules or elephant trunks, are detected in these HII regions and at least one of them hosts on-going star formation.
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