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Lorentz violation with an invariant minimum speed as foundation of the Gravitational Bose Einstein Condensate of a Dark Energy Star

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 Added by Claudio Nassif Cruz
 Publication date 2020
  fields Physics
and research's language is English




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We aim to search for the connection between the spacetime with an invariant minimum speed so-called Symmetrical Special Relativity (SSR) with Lorentz violation and the Gravitational Bose Einstein Condensate (GBEC) as the central core of a star of gravitational vacuum (gravastar), where one normally introduces a cosmological constant for representing an anti-gravity. This usual model of gravastar with an equation of state (EOS) for vacuum energy inside the core will be generalized for many modes of vacuum (dark energy star) in order to circumvent the embarrassment generated by the horizon singularity as the final stage of a gravitational collapse. In the place of the problem of a singularity of an event horizon, we introduce a phase transition between gravity and anti-gravity before reaching the Schwarzschild (divergent) radius $R_S$ for a given coexistence radius $R_{coexistence}$ slightly larger than $R_S$ and slightly smaller than the core radius $R_{core}$ of GBEC, where the metric of the repulsive sector (core of GBEC) would diverge for $r=R_{core}$, so that for such a given radius of phase coexistence $R_S<R_{coexistence} <R_{core}$, both divergences at $R_S$ of Schwarzschild metric and at $R_{core}$ of the repulsive core are eliminated, thus preventing the formation of the event horizon. So the causal structure of SSR helps us to elucidate such puzzle of singularity of event horizon by also providing a quantum interpretation for GBEC and thus by explaining the origin of a strong anisotropy due to the minimum speed that leads to the phase transition gravity/anti-gravity during the collapse of the star. Furthermore, due to the absence of an event horizon of black hole (BH) where any signal cannot propagate, the new collapsed structure presents a signal propagation in its region of coexistence of phases where the coexistence metric does not diverge.



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We show the relationship between the scalar kinematics potential of Symmetrical Special Relativity (SSR) and the ultra-referential of vacuum connected to an invariant minimum speed postulated by SSR. The property of the conformal metric of SSR is showed, from where we deduce a kind of de Sitter metric. The negative curvature of spacetime is calculated from the conformal property of the metric. Einstein equation provides an energy-momentum tensor which is proportional to SSR-metric. We also realize that SSR leads to a deformed kinematics with quantum aspects directly related to the delocalization of the particle and thus being connected to the uncertainty principle. We finish this work by identifying the lagrangian of SSR with the so-called tachyonic models (slow-roll), where the tachyonic potential is a function depending on the conformal factor, thus allowing the SSR-lagrangian to be able to mimic a tachyonic lagrangian related to the so-called Dirac-Born-Infeld lagrangian, where the superluminal effects are interpreted as being a large stretching of spacetime due to new relativistic effects close to the invariant minimum speed as being the foundation of the inflationary vacuum connected to a variable cosmological parameter that recovers the cosmological constant for the current universe.
We aim to investigate the theory of Lorentz violation with an invariant minimum speed so-called Symmetrical Special Relativity (SSR) from the viewpoint of its metric. Thus we should explore the nature of SSR-metric in order to understand the origin of the conformal factor that appears in the metric by deforming Minkowski metric by means of an invariant minimum speed that breaks down Lorentz symmetry. So we are able to realize that there is a similarity between SSR and a new space with variable negative curvature ($-infty<mathcal R<0$) connected to a set of infinite cosmological constants ($0<Lambda<infty$), working like an extended de Sitter (dS) relativity, so that such extended dS-relativity has curvature and cosmological constant varying in the time. We obtain a scenario that is more similar to dS-relativity given in the approximation of a slightly negative curvature for representing the current universe having a tiny cosmological constant. Finally we show that the invariant minimum speed provides the foundation for understanding the kinematics origin of the extra dimension considered in dS-relativity in order to represent the dS-length.
This work presents an experimental test of Lorentz invariance violation in the infrared (IR) regime by means of an invariant minimum speed in the spacetime and its effects on the time when an atomic clock given by a certain radioactive single-atom (e.g.: isotope $Na^{25}$) is a thermometer for a ultracold gas like the dipolar gas $Na^{23}K^{40}$. So, according to a Deformed Special Relativity (DSR) so-called Symmetrical Special Relativity (SSR), where there emerges an invariant minimum speed $V$ in the subatomic world, one expects that the proper time of such a clock moving close to $V$ in thermal equilibrium with the ultracold gas is dilated with respect to the improper time given in lab, i.e., the proper time at ultracold systems elapses faster than the improper one for an observer in lab, thus leading to the so-called {it proper time dilation} so that the atomic decay rate of a ultracold radioactive sample (e.g: $Na^{25}$) becomes larger than the decay rate of the same sample at room temperature. This means a suppression of the half-life time of a radioactive sample thermalized with a ultracold cloud of dipolar gas to be investigated by NASA in the Cold Atom Lab (CAL).
We aim to search for a connection between an invariant minimum speed that breaks down the Lorentz symmetry and the Gravitational Bose Einstein Condensate (GBEC), which is the central core of a star of gravitating vacuum (Gravastar/Dark Energy Star) by introducing a cosmological constant into compact objects. This model was designed to circumvent the embarrassment generated by the paradoxes of a singularity as the final stage of a gravitational collapse, by introducing in place of the singularity of event horizon a spatial-temporal phase transition, a concept with which the causal structure of Symmetrical Special Relativity (SSR) helps us to elucidate by providing a quantum interpretation for GBEC and explaining the origin of anisotropy, which has been introduced in ad-hoc way before in the literature.
189 - Ralf Schutzhold 2018
Partly motivated by recent proposals for the detection of gravitational waves, we study their interaction with Bose-Einstein condensates. For homogeneous condensates at rest, the gravitational wave does not directly create phonons (to lowest order), but merely affects existing phonons or indirectly creates phonon pairs via quantum squeezing -- an effect which has already been considered in the literature. For inhomogeneous condensate flows such as a vortex lattice, however, the impact of the gravitational wave can directly create phonons. This more direct interaction can be more efficient and could perhaps help bringing such a detection mechanism for gravitational waves a step closer towards experimental realizability -- even though it is still a long way to go. Finally, we argue that super-fluid Helium might offer some advantages in this respect.
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