No Arabic abstract
NuSTAR observatory, with its 3 - 78 keV broadband spectral coverage, enables the detections of the high-energy cutoff in a number of active galaxies, including several individual radio loud ones. In this work we present systematic and uniform analyses of 55 NuSTAR spectra for a large sample of 28 radio galaxies, 20 of which are FR II galaxies. We perform spectral fitting to measure the high energy cut-off $E_{cut}$, photon index $Gamma$, reflection factor R and Fe K$alpha$ line equivalent width. Measurements of $E_{cut}$ are given for 13 sources, and lower limits for the rest. We find those $E_{cut}$ non-detections could primarily be attributed to the obviously smaller net photon counts in their spectra. This indicates that the NuSTAR spectra of the majority of our sample are dominated by the thermal corona emission, and the $E_{cut}$ distribution of the sample is indistinguishable from that of a radio quiet one in literature. The flatter NuSTAR spectra we observed, comparing with radio quiet sources, are thus unlikely due to jet contamination. The radio galaxies also show weaker X-ray reflection (both in R and Fe K$alpha$ line EW) comparing with radio quiet ones. Combining with the radio quiet sample we see a correlation between R and EW, but with considerably large scatter. Notably, the radio loud and quiet sources appear to follow a common $Gamma$ - R correlation trend, supporting the outflowing corona model for both populations in which higher bulk outflowing velocity yields weaker reflection and flatter X-ray slope.
Giant radio galaxies (GRGs), with extended structures reaching hundreds of kpc, are among the most spectacular examples of ejection of relativistic plasma from super-massive black holes. In this work, third of a series, we present LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) images at 144 MHz, collected in the framework of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Data Release 2 (LoTSS DR2), for nine sources extracted from our sample of hard X-ray selected GRGs (HXGRG, i.e. from INTEGRAL/IBIS and Swift/BAT catalogues at >20 keV). Thanks to the resolution and sensitivity of LoTSS, we could probe the complex morphology of these GRGs, unveiling cases with diffuse (Mpc-scale) remnant emission, presence of faint off-axis wings, or a misaligned inner jet. In particular, for one source (B21144+35B), we could clearly detect a $sim$300 kpc wide off-axis emission, in addition to an inner jet which orientation is not aligned with the lobes axis. For another source (J1153.9+5848) a structure consistent with jet precession was revealed, appearing as an X-shaped morphology with relic lobes having an extension larger than the present ones, and with a different axis orientation. From an environment analysis, we found 2 sources showing an overdensity of cosmological neighbours, and a correspondent association with a galaxy cluster from catalogues. Finally, a comparison with radio-selected GRGs from LoTSS DR1 suggested that, on average, HXGRG can grow to larger extents. These results highlight the importance of deep low-frequency observations to probe the evolution of radio galaxies, and ultimately estimate the duty cycle of their jets.
Because the disc--jet coupling likely depends on various properties of sources probed, the sample control is always an important but challenging task. In this work, we re-analyzed the INTEGRAL hard X-ray-selected sample of Seyfert galaxies. We only consider sources that have measurements in black hole mass, and luminosities in radio and X-rays. Our sample includes 64 sources, consists of both bright AGNs and low-luminosity ones. We first find that, because of the similarity in the $L_{HX}/L_X$ distribution, the X-ray origin of radio-loud Seyferts may be the same to that of radio-quiet ones, where we attribute to the hot accretion flow (or similarly, the corona). We then investigate the connections between luminosities in radio and X-rays. Since our sample suffers a selection bias of a black hole mass $M_{BH}$ dependence on $L_X/L_{Edd}$, we focus on the correlation slope $xi_X$ between the radio (at 1.4 GHz) and X-ray luminosities in Eddington unit, i.e. $(L_R/L_{Edd})propto(L_X/L_{Edd})^{xi_X}$. We classify the sources according to various properties, i.e. 1) Seyfert classification, 2) radio loudness, and 3) radio morphology. We find that, despite these differences in classification, all the sources in our sample are consistent with a universal correlation slope $xi_X$, with $xi_X=0.77pm0.10$. This is unexpected, considering various possible radio emitters in radio-quiet systems. For the jet interpretation, our result may suggest a common/universal but to be identified jet launching mechanism among all the Seyfert galaxies, while properties like black hole spin and magnetic field strength only play secondary roles. We further estimate the jet production efficiency $eta_{jet}$ of Seyfert galaxies, which is $eta_{jet}approx1.9^{+0.9}_{-1.5}times10^{-4}$ on average. We also find that $eta_{jet}$ increases as the system goes fainter.
We present here our results on the hour like time scale X-ray flux variations in a sample of active galactic nuclei using data from the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). We find that in the 3-79 keV band, BL Lacs are more variable than flat spectrum radio quasars and Seyfert galaxies. Among Seyferts, Seyfert 2s are more variable than Seyfert 1s. Also, radio-loud quasars are more variable in the hard (10-79 keV) band than the soft (3-10 keV) band while, Seyfert galaxies tend to show more variations in the soft band relative to the hard band.
Prior to the launch of NuSTAR, it was not feasible to spatially resolve the hard (E > 10 keV) emission from galaxies beyond the Local Group. The combined NuSTAR dataset, comprised of three ~165 ks observations, allows spatial characterization of the hard X-ray emission in the galaxy NGC 253 for the first time. As a follow up to our initial study of its nuclear region, we present the first results concerning the full galaxy from simultaneous NuSTAR, Chandra, and VLBA monitoring of the local starburst galaxy NGC 253. Above ~10 keV, nearly all the emission is concentrated within 100 of the galactic center, produced almost exclusively by three nuclear sources, an off-nuclear ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX), and a pulsar candidate that we identify for the first time in these observations. We detect 21 distinct sources in energy bands up to 25 keV, mostly consisting of intermediate state black hole X-ray binaries. The global X-ray emission of the galaxy - dominated by the off-nuclear ULX and nuclear sources, which are also likely ULXs - falls steeply (photon index >~ 3) above 10 keV, consistent with other NuSTAR-observed ULXs, and no significant excess above the background is detected at E > 40 keV. We report upper limits on diffuse inverse Compton emission for a range of spatial models. For the most extended morphologies considered, these hard X-ray constraints disfavor a dominant inverse Compton component to explain the {gamma}-ray emission detected with Fermi and H.E.S.S. If NGC 253 is typical of starburst galaxies at higher redshift, their contribution to the E > 10 keV cosmic X-ray background is < 1%.
We present the results from coordinated X-ray observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 5204 X-1 performed by NuSTAR and XMM-Newton in early 2013. These observations provide the first detection of NGC 5204 X-1 above 10 keV, extending the broadband coverage to 0.3-20 keV. The observations were carried out in two epochs separated by approximately 10 days, and showed little spectral variation, with an observed luminosity of Lx = (4.95+/-0.11)e39 erg/s. The broadband spectrum confirms the presence of a clear spectral downturn above 10 keV seen in some previous observations. This cutoff is inconsistent with the standard low/hard state seen in Galactic black hole binaries, as would be expected from an intermediate mass black hole accreting at significantly sub-Eddington rates given the observed luminosity. The continuum is apparently dominated by two optically thick thermal-like components, potentially accompanied by a faint high energy tail. The broadband spectrum is likely associated with an accretion disk that differs from a standard Shakura & Sunyaev thin disk.