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Register a new userDeText: A Deep Text Ranking Framework with BERT
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Added by
Xiaowei Liu
Publication date
2020
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Ranking is the most important component in a search system. Mostsearch systems deal with large amounts of natural language data,hence an effective ranking system requires a deep understandingof text semantics. Recently, deep learning based natural languageprocessing (deep NLP) models have generated promising results onranking systems. BERT is one of the most successful models thatlearn contextual embedding, which has been applied to capturecomplex query-document relations for search ranking. However,this is generally done by exhaustively interacting each query wordwith each document word, which is inefficient for online servingin search product systems. In this paper, we investigate how tobuild an efficient BERT-based ranking model for industry use cases.The solution is further extended to a general ranking framework,DeText, that is open sourced and can be applied to various rankingproductions. Offline and online experiments of DeText on threereal-world search systems present significant improvement overstate-of-the-art approaches.
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The goal of text ranking is to generate an ordered list of texts retrieved from a corpus in response to a query. Although the most common formulation of text ranking is search, instances of the task can also be found in many natural language processing applications. This survey provides an overview of text ranking with neural network architectures known as transformers, of which BERT is the best-known example. The combination of transformers and self-supervised pretraining has been responsible for a paradigm shift in natural language processing (NLP), information retrieval (IR), and beyond. In this survey, we provide a synthesis of existing work as a single point of entry for practitioners who wish to gain a better understanding of how to apply transformers to text ranking problems and researchers who wish to pursue work in this area. We cover a wide range of modern techniques, grouped into two high-level categories: transformer models that perform reranking in multi-stage architectures and dense retrieval techniques that perform ranking directly. There are two themes that pervade our survey: techniques for handling long documents, beyond typical sentence-by-sentence processing in NLP, and techniques for addressing the tradeoff between effectiveness (i.e., result quality) and efficiency (e.g., query latency, model and index size). Although transformer architectures and pretraining techniques are recent innovations, many aspects of how they are applied to text ranking are relatively well understood and represent mature techniques. However, there remain many open research questions, and thus in addition to laying out the foundations of pretrained transformers for text ranking, this survey also attempts to prognosticate where the field is heading.
The effectiveness of Neural Information Retrieval (Neu-IR) often depends on a large scale of in-domain relevance training signals, which are not always available in real-world ranking scenarios. To democratize the benefits of Neu-IR, this paper presents MetaAdaptRank, a domain adaptive learning method that generalizes Neu-IR models from label-rich source domains to few-shot target domains. Drawing on source-domain massive relevance supervision, MetaAdaptRank contrastively synthesizes a large number of weak supervision signals for target domains and meta-learns to reweight these synthetic weak data based on their benefits to the target-domain ranking accuracy of Neu-IR models. Experiments on three TREC benchmarks in the web, news, and biomedical domains show that MetaAdaptRank significantly improves the few-shot ranking accuracy of Neu-IR models. Further analyses indicate that MetaAdaptRank thrives from both its contrastive weak data synthesis and meta-reweighted data selection. The code and data of this paper can be obtained from https://github.com/thunlp/MetaAdaptRank.
Most approaches for similar text retrieval and ranking with long natural language queries rely at some level on queries and responses having words in common with each other. Recent applications of transformer-based neural language models to text retrieval and ranking problems have been very promising, but still involve a two-step process in which result candidates are first obtained through bag-of-words-based approaches, and then reranked by a neural transformer. In this paper, we introduce novel approaches for effectively applying neural transformer models to similar text retrieval and ranking without an initial bag-of-words-based step. By eliminating the bag-of-words-based step, our approach is able to accurately retrieve and rank results even when they have no non-stopwords in common with the query. We accomplish this by using bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) to create vectorized representations of sentence-length texts, along with a vector nearest neighbor search index. We demonstrate both supervised and unsupervised means of using BERT to accomplish this task.
We propose a design pattern for tackling text ranking problems, dubbed Expando-Mono-Duo, that has been empirically validated for a number of ad hoc retrieval tasks in different domains. At the core, our design relies on pretrained sequence-to-sequence models within a standard multi-stage ranking architecture. Expando refers to the use of document expansion techniques to enrich keyword representations of texts prior to inverted indexing. Mono and Duo refer to components in a reranking pipeline based on a pointwise model and a pairwise model that rerank initial candidates retrieved using keyword search. We present experimental results from the MS MARCO passage and document ranking tasks, the TREC 2020 Deep Learning Track, and the TREC-COVID challenge that validate our design. In all these tasks, we achieve effectiveness that is at or near the state of the art, in some cases using a zero-shot approach that does not exploit any training data from the target task. To support replicability, implementations of our design pattern are open-sourced in the Pyserini IR toolkit and PyGaggle neural reranking library.
Multiple neural language models have been developed recently, e.g., BERT and XLNet, and achieved impressive results in various NLP tasks including sentence classification, question answering and document ranking. In this paper, we explore the use of the popular bidirectional language model, BERT, to model and learn the relevance between English queries and foreign-language documents in the task of cross-lingual information retrieval. A deep relevance matching model based on BERT is introduced and trained by finetuning a pretrained multilingual BERT model with weak supervision, using home-made CLIR training data derived from parallel corpora. Experimental results of the retrieval of Lithuanian documents against short English queries show that our model is effective and outperforms the competitive baseline approaches.
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