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Register a new userCsI(Tl) Pulse Shape Discrimination with the Belle II Electromagnetic Calorimeter as a Novel Method to Improve Particle Identification at Electron-Positron Colliders
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This paper describes the implementation and performance of CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination for the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter, representing the first application of CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination for particle identification at an electron-positron collider. The pulse shape characterization algorithms applied by the Belle II calorimeter are described. Control samples of $gamma$, $mu^+$, $pi^pm$, $K^pm$ and $p/bar{p}$ are used to demonstrate the significant insight into the secondary particle composition of calorimeter clusters that is provided by CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination. Comparisons with simulation are presented and provide further validation for newly developed CsI(Tl) scintillation response simulation techniques, which when incorporated with GEANT4 simulations allow the particle dependent scintillation response of CsI(Tl) to be modelled. Comparisons between data and simulation also demonstrate that pulse shape discrimination can be a new tool to identify sources of improvement in the simulation of hadronic interactions in materials. The $K_L^0$ efficiency and photon-as-hadron fake-rate of a multivariate classifier that is trained to use pulse shape discrimination is presented and comparisons are made to a shower-shape based approach. CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination is shown to reduce the photon-as-hadron fake-rate by over a factor of 3 at photon energies of 0.2 GeV and over a factor 10 at photon energies of 1 GeV.
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In this study, we evaluate and compare the pulse shape discrimination (PSD) performance of multipixel photon counters (MPPCs, also known as silicon photomultiphers - SiPMs) with that of a typical photomultiplier tube (PMT) when testing using CsI(Tl) scintillators. We use the charge comparison method, whereby we discriminate different types of particles by the ratio of charges integrated within two time-gates (the delayed part and the entire digitized waveform). For a satisfactory PSD performance, a setup should generate many photoelectrons (p.e.) and collect their charges efficiently. The PMT setup generates more p.e. than the MPPC setup does. With the same digitizer and the same long time-gate (the entire digitized waveform), the PMT setup is also better in charge collection. Therefore, the PMT setup demonstrates better PSD performance. We subsequently test the MPPC setup using a new data acquisition (DAQ) system. Using this new DAQ, the long time-gate is extended by nearly four times the length when using the previous digitizer. With this longer time-gate, we collect more p.e. at the tail part of the pulse and almost all the charges of the total collected p.e. Thus, the PSD performance of the MPPC setup is improved significantly. This study also provides an estimation of the short time-gate (the delayed part of the digitized waveform) that can give a satisfactory PSD performance without an extensive analysis to optimize this gate.
The Belle-II experiment and superKEKB accelerator will form a next generation B-factory at KEK, capable of running at an instantaneous luminosity 40 times higher than the Belle detector and KEKB. This will allow for the elucidation of many facets of the Standard Model by performing precision measurements of its parameters, and provide sensitivity to many rare decays that are currently inaccessible. This will require major upgrades to both the accelerator and detector subsystems. The imaging Time-of-propagation (iTOP) detector will be a new subdetector of Belle-II that will perform an integral role in Particle identification (PID). It will comprise 16 modules between the tracking detectors and calorimeter; each module consisting of a quartz radiator, approximately 2.5m in length, instrumented with an array of 32 micro-channel plate photodetectors (MCP-PMTs). The passage of charged particles through the quartz will produce a cone of Cherenkov photons that will propagate along the length of the quartz, and be detected by the MCP-PMTs. The excellent spatial, and timing resolution (of 50 picoseconds) of the iTOP system will provide superior particle identification capabilities, particularly allowing for enhanced discrimination between pions and kaons that will be essential for many of the key measurements to performed. The status of the construction of the iTOP subdetector, and performance studies of prototypes at beam tests will be presented, together with prospects for physics measurements that will utilise the PID capabilities of the iTOP system.
Fast neutrons are a large background to measurements of gamma-rays emitted from excited nuclei, such that detectors which can efficiently distinguish between the two are essential. In this paper we describe the separation of gamma-rays from neutrons with the pulse shape information of the CsI(Tl) scintillator, using a fast neutron beam and several gamma-ray sources. We find that a figure of merit optimized for this separation takes on large and stable values (nearly 4) between 5 and 10 MeV of electron equivalent deposited energy, the region of most interest to the study of nuclear de-excitation gamma-rays. Accordingly this work demonstrates the ability of CsI(Tl) scintillators to reject neutron backgrounds to gamma-ray measurements at these energies.
The Belle II experiment at KEK in Japan has started real data taking from April 2018 to probe a New Physics beyond the Standard Model by measuring CP violation precisely and rare weak decays of heavy quark and lepton. The experiment is performed at the high luminosity SuperKEKB e^+ e^- collider with 80 x 10^34 cm^-2 s^-1 as an ultimate instantaneous luminosity. In order to develop and test an appropriate trigger algorithm under much higher luminosity and beam background environment than previous KEKB collider, a detail simulation study of the Belle II calorimeter trigger system is very crucial to operate Belle II Trigger and DAQ system in stable. We report preliminary results on various trigger logics and their efficiencies using physics and beam background Monte Carlo events with a Belle II Geant4-based analysis framework called Basf2.
In neutrino experiments, hemispherical photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are often used to cover large surfaces or volumes to maximize the photocathode coverage with a minimum number of channels. Instrumentation is often coarse, and neutrino event reconstruction and particle identification (PID) is usually done through the morphology of PMT hits. In future neutrino experiments, it may be desirable to perform PID from a few hits, or even a single hit, by utilizing pulse shape information. In this report, we study the principle of pulse shape PID using a single 10-inch hemispherical PMT in a spherical glass housing for future neutrino telescopes. We use the Fermilab Test Beam Facility (FTBF) MTest beamline to demonstrate that with pulse shape PID, statistical separation is possible to distinguish 2 GeV electrons from 8 GeV pions, where the total charge deposition is ~20 PE in our setup. Such techniques can be applied to future neutrino telescopes focusing on low energy physics, including the IceCube-Upgrade.
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