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The field of magnonics, which aims at using spin waves as carriers in data processing devices, has attracted increasing interest in recent years. We present and study micromagnetically a nonlinear nanoscale magnonic ring resonator device for enabling implementations of magnonic logic gates and neuromorphic magnonic circuits. In the linear regime, this device efficiently suppresses spin-wave transmission using the phenomenon of critical resonant coupling, thus exhibiting the behavior of a notch filter. By increasing the spin-wave input power, the resonance frequency is shifted leading to transmission curves, depending on the frequency, reminiscent of the activation functions of neurons or showing the characteristics of a power limiter. An analytical theory is developed to describe the transmission curve of magnonic ring resonators in the linear and nonlinear regimes and validated by a comprehensive micromagnetic study. The proposed magnonic ring resonator provides a multi-functional nonlinear building block for unconventional magnonic circuits.
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Magnons, the quanta of spin waves, could be used to encode information in beyond-Moore computing applications, and magnonic device components, including logic gates, transistors, and units for non-Boolean computing, have already been developed. Magnonic directional couplers, which can function as circuit building blocks, have also been explored, but have been impractical because of their millimetre dimensions and multi-mode spectra. Here, we report a magnonic directional coupler based on yttrium iron garnet single-mode waveguides of 350 nm width. We use the amplitude of a spin-wave to encode information and to guide it to one of the two outputs of the coupler depending on the signal magnitude, frequency, and the applied magnetic field. Using micromagnetic simulations, we also propose an integrated magnonic half-adder that consists of two directional couplers and processes all information within the magnon domain with aJ energy consumption.
Modern-days CMOS-based computation technology is reaching its fundamental limitations. The emerging field of magnonics, which utilizes spin waves for data transport and processing, proposes a promising path to overcome these limitations. Different devices have been demonstrated recently on the macro- and microscale, but the feasibility of the magnonics approach essentially relies on the scalability of the structure feature size down to an extent of a few 10 nm, which are typical sizes for the established CMOS technology. Here, we present a study of propagating spin-wave packets in individual yttrium iron garnet (YIG) conduits with lateral dimensions down to 50 nm. Space and time resolved micro-focused Brillouin-Light-Scattering (BLS) spectroscopy is used to characterize the YIG nanostructures and measure the spin-wave decay length and group velocity directly. The revealed magnon transport at the scale comparable to the scale of CMOS proves the general feasibility of a magnon-based data processing.
The field of magnonics offers a new type of low-power information processing, in which magnons, the quanta of spin waves, carry and process data instead of electrons. Many magnonic devices were demonstrated recently, but the development of each of them requires specialized investigations and, usually, one device design is suitable for one function only. Here, we introduce the method of inverse-design magnonics, in which any functionality can be specified first, and a feedback-based computational algorithm is used to obtain the device design. Our proof-of-concept prototype is based on a rectangular ferromagnetic area which can be patterned using square shaped voids. To demonstrate the universality of this approach, we explore linear, nonlinear and nonreciprocal magnonic functionalities and use the same algorithm to create a magnonic (de-)multiplexer, a nonlinear switch and a circulator. Thus, inverse-design magnonics can be used to develop highly efficient rf applications as well as Boolean and neuromorphic computing building blocks.
Recently we demonstrated experimentally that microwave oscillators based on the time delay feedback provided by traveling spin waves could operate as reservoir computers. In the present paper, we extend this concept by adding the feature of time multiplexing made available by the large propagation times/distances of traveling spin waves. The system utilizes the nonlinear behavior of propagating magnetostatic surface spin waves in a yttrium-iron garnet thin film and the time delay inherent in the active ring configuration to process time dependent data streams. Higher reservoir dimensionality is obtained through the time-multiplexing method, emulating virtual neurons as temporally separated spin-wave pulses circulating in the active ring below the auto-oscillation threshold. To demonstrate the efficacy of the concept, the active ring reservoir computer is evaluated on the short-term memory and parity check benchmark tasks, and the physical system parameters are tuned to optimize performance. By incorporating a reference line to mix the input signal directly onto the active ring output, both the amplitude and phase nonlinearity of the spin waves can be exploited, resulting in significant improvement on the nonlinear parity check task. We also find that the fading memory capacity of the system can be easily tuned by controlling the active ring gain. Finally, we show that the addition of a second spin-wave delay line configured to transmit backward volume spin waves can partly compensate dispersive pulse broadening and enhance the fading memory capacity of the active ring.
A multitude of large-scale silicon photonic systems based on ring resonators have been envisioned for applications ranging from biomedical sensing to quantum computing and machine learning. Yet, due to the lack of a scalable solution for controlling ring resonators, practical demonstrations have been limited to systems with only a few rings. Here, we demonstrate that large systems can be controlled only by using doped waveguide elements inside their rings whilst preserving their area and cost. We measure the large photoconductive changes of the waveguides for monitoring rings resonance conditions across high-dynamic ranges and leverage their thermo-optic effects for tuning. This allows us to control ring resonators without requiring additional components, complex tuning algorithms, or additional electrical I/Os. We demonstrate automatic resonance alignment of 31 rings of a 16x16 switch and of a 14-ring coupled resonator optical waveguide (CROW), making them the largest, yet most compact, automatically controlled silicon ring resonator circuits to date.
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