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Register a new userIris Recognition: Inherent Binomial Degrees of Freedom
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J. Michael Rozmus
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The distinctiveness of the human iris has been measured by first extracting a set of features from the iris, an encoding, and then comparing these encoded feature sets to determine how distinct they are from one another. For example, John Daugman measures the distinctiveness of the human iris at 244 degrees of freedom, that is, Daugmans encoding maps irises into the equivalent of 2 ^ 244 distinct possibilities [2]. This paper shows by direct pixel-by-pixel comparison of high-quality iris images that the inherent number of degrees of freedom embodied in the human iris, independent of any encoding, is at least 536. When the resolution of these images is gradually reduced, the number of degrees of freedom decreases smoothly to 123 for the lowest resolution images tested.
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The mechanical stability of a physical system plays a crucial role in determining its excitations and response to strain. Recent advances have led to protocols that can create particularly stable amorphous solids. Such systems, whether they be physical systems created using vapor-deposition or numerical model systems created using swap or breathing algorithms, exist in exceptionally deep energy minima marked by the absence of low-frequency quasilocalized modes. We introduce new numerical protocols for creating stable jammed packings that first introduce and subsequently remove degrees of freedom such as particle sizes or particle stiffnesses. We find that different choices for the degrees of freedom can lead to very different results. For jammed packings, degrees of freedom that couple to the jamming transition, e.g., particle sizes, push the system to much more stable and deeper energy minima than those that only couple to interaction stiffnesses.
With the widespread use of biometric systems, the demographic bias problem raises more attention. Although many studies addressed bias issues in biometric verification, there are no works that analyze the bias in presentation attack detection (PAD) decisions. Hence, we investigate and analyze the demographic bias in iris PAD algorithms in this paper. To enable a clear discussion, we adapt the notions of differential performance and differential outcome to the PAD problem. We study the bias in iris PAD using three baselines (hand-crafted, transfer-learning, and training from scratch) using the NDCLD-2013 database. The experimental results point out that female users will be significantly less protected by the PAD, in comparison to males.
We address the fundamental performance issues of template protection (TP) for iris verification. We base our work on the popular Bloom-Filter templates protection & address the key challenges like sub-optimal performance and low unlinkability. Specifically, we focus on cases where Bloom-filter templates results in non-ideal performance due to presence of large degradations within iris images. Iris recognition is challenged with number of occluding factors such as presence of eye-lashes within captured image, occlusion due to eyelids, low quality iris images due to motion blur. All of such degrading factors result in obtaining non-reliable iris codes & thereby provide non-ideal biometric performance. These factors directly impact the protected templates derived from iris images when classical Bloom-filters are employed. To this end, we propose and extend our earlier ideas of Morton-filters for obtaining better and reliable templates for iris. Morton filter based TP for iris codes is based on leveraging the intra and inter-class distribution by exploiting low-rank iris codes to derive the stable bits across iris images for a particular subject and also analyzing the discriminable bits across various subjects. Such low-rank non-noisy iris codes enables realizing the template protection in a superior way which not only can be used in constrained setting, but also in relaxed iris imaging. We further extend the work to analyze the applicability to VIS iris images by employing a large scale public iris image database - UBIRIS(v1 & v2), captured in a unconstrained setting. Through a set of experiments, we demonstrate the applicability of proposed approach and vet the strengths and weakness. Yet another contribution of this work stems in assessing the security of the proposed approach where factors of Unlinkability is studied to indicate the antagonistic nature to relaxed iris imaging scenarios.
Novel materials incorporating electronic degrees of freedom other than charge, including spin, orbital or valley textit{et al} have manifested themselves to be of the great interests and applicable potentials. Recently, the multipolar degrees of freedom have attracted remarkable attention in the electronic correlated effects. In this work, we systematically studied the transport, magnetic and thermodynamic properties of the topological semimetal candidate PrBi in the framework of crystalline electric field theory. Our results demonstrate the $Gamma_3$ non-Kramers doublet as the ground state of Pr$^{3+}$ (4$f^2$) ions. This ground state is nonmagnetic but carries a non-zero quadrupolar moment $langlehat{O}_2^0rangle$. A quadrupolar phase transition is inferred below 0.08 K. No obvious quadrupolar Kondo effect can be identified. Ultrahigh-field quantum oscillation measurements confirm PrBi as a semimetal with non-trivial Berry phase and low total carrier density 0.06 /f.u. We discuss the interplay between low carrier density and $4f^2$ quadrupolar moment, and ascribe the weak quadrupolar ordering and Kondo effect to consequences of the low carrier density. PrBi, thus, opens a new window to the physics of topology and strongly correlated effect with quadrupolar degrees of freedom in the low-carrier-density limit, evoking the need for a reexamination of the Nozi`{e}res exhaustion problem in the context of multi-channel Kondo effect.
Whenever variables $phi=(phi^1,phi^2,ldots)$ are discarded from a system, and the discarded information capacity $mathcal{S}(x)$ depends on the value of an observable $x$, a quantum correction $Delta V_mathrm{eff}(x)$ appears in the effective potential [arXiv:1707.05789]. Here I examine the origins and implications of $Delta V_mathrm{eff}$ within the path integral, which I construct using Synges world function. I show that the $phi$ variables can be `integrated out of the path integral, reducing the propagator to a sum of integrals over observable paths $x(t)$ alone. The phase of each path is equal to the semiclassical action (divided by $hbar$) including the same correction $Delta V_mathrm{eff}$ as previously derived. This generalises the prior results beyond the limits of the Schrodinger equation; in particular, it allows us to consider discarded variables with a history-dependent information capacity $mathcal{S}=mathcal{S}(x,int^t f(x(t))mathrm{d} t)$. History dependence does not alter the formula for $Delta V_mathrm{eff}$.
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