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Register a new userTemperature dependence of $eta/s$ of strongly interacting matter: effects of the equation of state and the parametric form of $(eta/s)(T)$
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We investigate the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio $eta/s$ using a piecewise linear parametrization. To determine the optimal values of the parameters and the associated uncertainties, we perform a global Bayesian model-to-data comparison on Au+Au collisions at $sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at $2.76$ TeV and $5.02$ TeV, using a 2+1D hydrodynamical model with the EKRT initial state. We provide three new parametrizations of the equation of state (EoS) based on contemporary lattice results and hadron resonance gas, and use them and the widely used $s95p$ parametrization to explore the uncertainty in the analysis due to the choice of the equation of state. We found that $eta/s$ is most constrained in the temperature range $Tapprox 150$--$220$ MeV, where, for all EoSs, $0.08 < eta/s < 0.23$ when taking into account the 90% credible intervals. In this temperature range the EoS parametrization has only a small $approx 10%$ effect on the favored $eta/s$ value, which is less than the $approx 30%$ uncertainty of the analysis using a single EoS parametrization. Our parametrization of $(eta/s)(T)$ leads to a slightly larger minimum value of $eta/s$ than the previously used parametrizations. When we constrain our parametrization to mimic the previously used parametrizations, our favored value is reduced, and the difference becomes statistically insignificant.
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We investigate the effects of a temperature-dependent shear viscosity over entropy density ratio eta/s on the flow anisotropy coefficients v_2 and v_4 in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. We find that v_4 is more sensitive to the viscosity at low temperatures than v_2. At RHIC v_2 is mostly affected by the viscosity around the phase transition, but the larger the collision energy, the more the quark-gluon plasma viscosity affects v_2.
We report on the application of a cascade + viscous hydro + cascade model for heavy ion collisions in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan range, $sqrt{s_{rm NN}}=6.3dots200$ GeV. By constraining model parameters to reproduce the data we find that the effective(average) value of the shear viscosity over entropy density ratio $eta/s$ decreases from 0.2 to 0.08 when collision energy grows from $sqrt{s_{rm NN}}approx7$ to 39 GeV.
Formation of eta-mesic nucleus, a bound state of an eta meson in a nucleus, is reviewed in this paper. Three different theoretical approaches are used to calculate the binding energies and widths of such nuclei. The effect of eta-mesic nucleus in pion double-charge-exchange reaction is discussed. Experimental efforts by different groups to detect the nucleus are also discussed. The ramifications of the theoretical and experimental studies of the bound state of eta in a nucleus are pointed out.
We theoretically investigate a possibility of an $eta ^{prime} d$ bound state and its formation in the $gamma d to eta d$ reaction. First, in the fixed center approximation to the Faddeev equations we obtain an $eta ^{prime} d$ bound state with a binding energy of 25 MeV and width of 19 MeV, where we take the $eta ^{prime} N$ interaction with a coupling to the $eta N$ channel from the linear $sigma$ model. Then, in order to investigate the feasibility from an experimental point of view, we calculate the cross section of the $gamma d to eta d$ reaction at the photon energy in the laboratory frame around 1.2 GeV. As a result, we find a clear peak structure with the strength $sim$ 0.2 nb/sr, corresponding to a signal of the $eta ^{prime} d$ bound state in case of backward $eta$ emission. This structure will be prominent because a background contribution coming from single-step $eta$ emission off a bound nucleon is highly suppressed. In addition, the signal can be seen even in case of forward $eta$ emission as a bump or dip, depending on the relative phase between the bound-state formation and the single-step background.
We present, for the first time, simultaneous determination of shear viscosity ($eta$) and entropy density ($s$) and thus, $eta/s$ for equilibrated nuclear systems from $A$ $sim$ 30 to $A$ $sim$ 208 at different temperatures. At finite temperature, $eta$ is estimated by utilizing the $gamma$ decay of the isovector giant dipole resonance populated via fusion evaporation reaction, while $s$ is evaluated from the nuclear level density parameter (${a}$) and nuclear temperature ($T$), determined precisely by the simultaneous measurements of the evaporated neutron energy spectra and the compound nuclear angular momenta. The transport parameter $eta$ and the thermodynamic parameter $s$ both increase with temperature resulting in a mild decrease of $eta$/$s$ with temperature. The extracted $eta$/$s$ is also found to be independent of the neutron-proton asymmetry at a given temperature. Interestingly, the measured $eta$/$s$ values are comparable to that of the high-temperature quark-gluon plasma, pointing towards the fact that strong fluidity may be the universal feature of the strong interaction of many-body quantum systems.
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