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Register a new userThe R-process Alliance: First Magellan/MIKE Release from the Southern Search for R-Process-enhanced Stars
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Extensive progress has been recently made into our understanding of heavy element production via the $r$-process in the Universe, specifically with the first observed neutron star binary merger (NSBM) event associated with the gravitational wave signal detected by LIGO, GW170817. The chemical abundance patterns of metal-poor $r$-process-enhanced stars provides key evidence into the dominant site(s) of the $r$-process, and whether NSBMs are sufficiently frequent or prolific $r$-process sources to be responsible for the majority of $r$-process material in the Universe. We present atmospheric stellar parameters (using a Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium analysis) and abundances from a detailed analysis of 141 metal-poor stars, carried out as part of the $R$-Process Alliance (RPA) effort. We obtained high-resolution snapshot spectroscopy of the stars using the MIKE spectrograph on the 6.5m Magellan Clay telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. We find 10 new highly enhanced $r$-II (with [Eu/Fe] $> +1.0$), 62 new moderately enhanced $r$-I ($+0.3 < $ [Eu/Fe] $le +1.0$) and 17 new limited-$r$ ([Eu/Fe] $< +0.3$) stars. Among those, we find 17 new carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars, of which five are CEMP-no. We also identify one new $s$-process-enhanced ([Ba/Eu ]$ > +0.5$), and five new $r/s$ ($0.0 < $ [Ba/Eu] $ < +0.5$) stars. In the process, we discover a new ultra metal-poor (UMP) star at [Fe/H]=$-$4.02. One of the $r$-II stars shows a deficit in $alpha$ and Fe-peak elements, typical of dwarf galaxy stars. Our search for $r$-process-enhanced stars by RPA efforts, has already roughly doubled the known $r$-process sample.
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This paper presents the detailed abundances and r-process classifications of 126 newly identified metal-poor stars as part of an ongoing collaboration, the R-Process Alliance. The stars were identified as metal-poor candidates from the RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) and were followed-up at high spectral resolution (R~31,500) with the 3.5~m telescope at Apache Point Observatory. The atmospheric parameters were determined spectroscopically from Fe I lines, taking into account <3D> non-LTE corrections and using differential abundances with respect to a set of standards. Of the 126 new stars, 124 have [Fe/H]<-1.5, 105 have [Fe/H]<-2.0, and 4 have [Fe/H]<-3.0. Nine new carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars have been discovered, 3 of which are enhanced in r-process elements. Abundances of neutron-capture elements reveal 60 new r-I stars (with +0.3<=[Eu/Fe]<=+1.0 and [Ba/Eu]<0) and 4 new r-II stars (with [Eu/Fe]>+1.0). Nineteen stars are found to exhibit a `limited-r signature ([Sr/Ba]>+0.5, [Ba/Eu]<0). For the r-II stars, the second- and third-peak main r-process patterns are consistent with the r-process signature in other metal-poor stars and the Sun. The abundances of the light, alpha, and Fe-peak elements match those of typical Milky Way halo stars, except for one r-I star which has high Na and low Mg, characteristic of globular cluster stars. Parallaxes and proper motions from the second Gaia data release yield UVW space velocities for these stars which are consistent with membership in the Milky Way halo. Intriguingly, all r-II and the majority of r-I stars have retrograde orbits, which may indicate an accretion origin.
This compilation is the fourth data release from the $R$-Process Alliance (RPA) search for $r$-process-enhanced stars, and the second release based on snapshot high-resolution ($R sim 30,000$) spectra collected with the du Pont 2.5m Telescope. In this data release, we propose a new delineation between the $r$-I and $r$-II stellar classes at $mathrm{[Eu/Fe]} = +0.7$, instead of the empirically chosen $mathrm{[Eu/Fe]} = +1.0$ level previously in use, based on statistical tests of the complete set of RPA data released to date. We also statistically justify the minimum level of [Eu/Fe] for definition of the $r$-I stars, [Eu/Fe] $> +0.3$. Redefining the separation between $r$-I and $r$-II stars will aid in analysis of the possible progenitors of these two classes of stars and whether these signatures arise from separate astrophysical sources at all. Applying this redefinition to previous RPA data, the number of identified $r$-II and $r$-I stars changes to 51 and 121, respectively, from the initial set of data releases published thus far. In this data release, we identify 21 new $r$-II, 111 new $r$-I (plus three re-identified), and 7 new (plus one re-identified) limited-$r$ stars out of a total of 232 target stars, resulting in a total sample of 72 new $r$-II stars, 232 new $r$-I stars, and 42 new limited-$r$ stars identified by the RPA to date.
We present detailed chemical abundances of three new bright (V ~ 11), extremely metal-poor ([Fe/H] ~ -3.0), r-process-enhanced halo red giants based on high-resolution, high-S/N Magellan/MIKE spectra. We measured abundances for 20-25 neutron-capture elements in each of our stars. J1432-4125 is among the most r-process rich r-II stars, with [Eu/Fe]= +1.44+-0.11. J2005-3057 is an r-I star with [Eu/Fe] = +0.94+-0.07. J0858-0809 has [Eu/Fe] = +0.23+-0.05 and exhibits a carbon abundance corrected for evolutionary status of [C/Fe]_corr = +0.76, thus adding to the small number of known carbon-enhanced r-process stars. All three stars show remarkable agreement with the scaled solar r-process pattern for elements above Ba, consistent with enrichment of the birth gas cloud by a neutron star merger. The abundances for Sr, Y, and Zr, however, deviate from the scaled solar pattern. This indicates that more than one distinct r-process site might be responsible for the observed neutron-capture element abundance pattern. Thorium was detected in J1432-4125 and J2005-3057. Age estimates for J1432-4125 and J2005-3057 were adopted from one of two sets of initial production ratios each by assuming the stars are old. This yielded individual ages of 12+-6 Gyr and 10+-6 Gyr, respectively.
A new moderately r-process-enhanced metal-poor star, RAVE J093730.5-062655, has been identified in the Milky Way halo as part of an ongoing survey by the R-Process Alliance. The temperature and surface gravity indicate that J0937-0626 is likely a horizontal branch star. At [Fe/H] = -1.86, J0937-0626 is found to have subsolar [X/Fe] ratios for nearly every light, alpha, and Fe-peak element. The low [alpha/Fe] ratios can be explained by an ~0.6 dex excess of Fe; J0937-0626 is therefore similar to the subclass of iron-enhanced metal-poor stars. A comparison with Milky Way field stars at [Fe/H] = -2.5 suggests that J0937-0626 was enriched in material from an event, possibly a Type Ia supernova, that created a significant amount of Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni and smaller amounts of Ca, Sc, Ti, and Zn. The r-process enhancement of J0937-0626 is likely due to a separate event, which suggests that its birth environment was highly enriched in r-process elements. The kinematics of J0937-0626, based on Gaia DR2 data, indicate a retrograde orbit in the Milky Way halo; J0937-0626 was therefore likely accreted from a dwarf galaxy that had significant r-process enrichment.
We report the discovery of J1521-3538, a bright (V=12.2), very metal-poor ([Fe/H]=-2.8) strongly r-process enhanced field horizontal branch star, based on a high-resolution, high signal-to-noise Magellan/MIKE spectrum. J1521-3538 shows the largest r-process element over-abundance in any known r-process-enhanced star, with [Eu/Fe]=+2.2, and its chemical abundances of 22 neutron-capture elements closely match the scaled solar r-process pattern. J1521-3538 is also one of few known carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars with r-process enhancement (CEMP-r stars), as found after correcting the measured C abundance for the stars evolutionary status. We propose to extend the existing classification of moderately enhanced (+0.3<=[Eu/Fe]<=+1.0) r-I and strongly r-process enhanced ([Eu/Fe]>+1.0) r-II stars to include an r-III class, for r-process stars such as J1521-3538, with [Eu/Fe]>+2.0 and [Ba/Eu]<-0.5, or >100 times the solar ratio of europium to iron. Using cosmochronometry, we estimate J1521-3538 to be 12.5+-5 Gyr and 8.9+-5 Gyr old, using two different sets of initial production ratios. These ages are based on measurements of the Th line at 4019 A and other r-process element abundances. This is broadly consistent with the old age of a low-mass metal-poor field red horizontal branch star. J1521-3538 likely originated in a low-mass dwarf galaxy that was later accreted by the Milky Way, as evidenced by its highly eccentric orbit.
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