Convolutional neural networks or standard CNNs (StdCNNs) are translation-equivariant models that achieve translation invariance when trained on data augmented with sufficient translations. Recent work on equivariant models for a given group of transformations (e.g., rotations) has lead to group-equivariant convolutional neural networks (GCNNs). GCNNs trained on data augmented with sufficient rotations achieve rotation invariance. Recent work by authors arXiv:2002.11318 studies a trade-off between invariance and robustness to adversarial attacks. In another related work arXiv:2005.08632, given any model and any input-dependent attack that satisfies a certain spectral property, the authors propose a universalization technique called SVD-Universal to produce a universal adversarial perturbation by looking at very few test examples. In this paper, we study the effectiveness of SVD-Universal on GCNNs as they gain rotation invariance through higher degree of training augmentation. We empirically observe that as GCNNs gain rotation invariance through training augmented with larger rotations, the fooling rate of SVD-Universal gets better. To understand this phenomenon, we introduce universal invariant directions and study their relation to the universal adversarial direction produced by SVD-Universal.
Download