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A group $G$ is said to be $frac{3}{2}$-generated if every nontrivial element belongs to a generating pair. It is easy to see that if $G$ has this property then every proper quotient of $G$ is cyclic. In this paper we prove that the converse is true for finite groups, which settles a conjecture of Breuer, Guralnick and Kantor from 2008. In fact, we prove a much stronger result, which solves a problem posed by Brenner and Wiegold in 1975. Namely, if $G$ is a finite group and every proper quotient of $G$ is cyclic, then for any pair of nontrivial elements $x_1,x_2 in G$, there exists $y in G$ such that $G = langle x_1, y rangle = langle x_2, y rangle$. In other words, $s(G) geqslant 2$, where $s(G)$ is the spread of $G$. Moreover, if $u(G)$ denotes the more restrictive uniform spread of $G$, then we can completely characterise the finite groups $G$ with $u(G) = 0$ and $u(G)=1$. To prove these results, we first establish a reduction to almost simple groups. For simple groups, the result was proved by Guralnick and Kantor in 2000 using probabilistic methods and since then the almost simple groups have been the subject of several papers. By combining our reduction theorem and this earlier work, it remains to handle the groups whose socles are exceptional groups of Lie type and this is the case we treat in this paper.
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We study the class of finite groups $G$ satisfying $Phi (G/N)= Phi(G)N/N$ for all normal subgroups $N$ of $G$. As a consequence of our main results we extend and amplify a theorem of Doerk concerning this class from the soluble universe to all finite groups and answer in the affirmative a long-standing question of Christensen whether the class of finite groups which possess complements for each of their normal subgroups is subnormally closed.
Assume that $G$ is a finite group. For every $a, b inmathbb N,$ we define a graph $Gamma_{a,b}(G)$ whose vertices correspond to the elements of $G^acup G^b$ and in which two tuples $(x_1,dots,x_a)$ and $(y_1,dots,y_b)$ are adjacent if and only if $langle x_1,dots,x_a,y_1,dots,y_b rangle =G.$ We study several properties of these graphs (isolated vertices, loops, connectivity, diameter of the connected components) and we investigate the relations between their properties and the group structure, with the aim of understanding which information about $G$ are encoded by these graphs.
For a finite group $G$ with a normal subgroup $H$, the enhanced quotient graph of $G/H$, denoted by $mathcal{G}_{H}(G),$ is the graph with vertex set $V=(Gbackslash H)cup {e}$ and two vertices $x$ and $y$ are edge connected if $xH = yH$ or $xH,yHin langle zHrangle$ for some $zin G$. In this article, we characterize the enhanced quotient graph of $G/H$. The graph $mathcal{G}_{H}(G)$ is complete if and only if $G/H$ is cyclic, and $mathcal{G}_{H}(G)$ is Eulerian if and only if $|G/H|$ is odd. We show some relation between the graph $mathcal{G}_{H}(G)$ and the enhanced power graph $mathcal{G}(G/H)$ that was introduced by Sudip Bera and A.K. Bhuniya (2016). The graph $mathcal{G}_H(G)$ is complete if and only if $G/H$ is cyclic if and only if $mathcal{G}(G/H)$ is complete. The graph $mathcal{G}_H(G)$ is Eulerian if and only if $|G|$ is odd if and only if $mathcal{G}(G)$ is Eulerian, i.e., the property of being Eulerian does not depend on the normal subgroup $H$.
Let $G$ be a finite group admitting a coprime automorphism $phi$ of order $n$. Denote by $G_{phi}$ the centralizer of $phi$ in $G$ and by $G_{-phi}$ the set ${ x^{-1}x^{phi}; xin G}$. We prove the following results. 1. If every element from $G_{phi}cup G_{-phi}$ is contained in a $phi$-invariant subgroup of exponent dividing $e$, then the exponent of $G$ is $(e,n)$-bounded. 2. Suppose that $G_{phi}$ is nilpotent of class $c$. If $x^{e}=1$ for each $x in G_{-phi}$ and any two elements of $G_{-phi}$ are contained in a $phi$-invariant soluble subgroup of derived length $d$, then the exponent of $[G,phi]$ is bounded in terms of $c,d,e,n$.
A subset ${g_1, ldots , g_d}$ of a finite group $G$ invariably generates $G$ if the set ${g_1^{x_1}, ldots, g_d^{x_d}}$ generates $G$ for every choice of $x_i in G$. The Chebotarev invariant $C(G)$ of $G$ is the expected value of the random variable $n$ that is minimal subject to the requirement that $n$ randomly chosen elements of $G$ invariably generate $G$. The first author recently showed that $C(G)le betasqrt{|G|}$ for some absolute constant $beta$. In this paper we show that, when $G$ is soluble, then $beta$ is at most $5/3$. We also show that this is best possible. Furthermore, we show that, in general, for each $epsilon>0$ there exists a constant $c_{epsilon}$ such that $C(G)le (1+epsilon)sqrt{|G|}+c_{epsilon}$.
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