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Register a new userThe Spectacular Ultraviolet Flash From the Peculiar Type Ia Supernova 2019yvq
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Early observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe$,$Ia) provide essential clues for understanding the progenitor system that gave rise to the terminal thermonuclear explosion. We present exquisite observations of SN$,$2019yvq, the second observed SN$,$Ia, after iPTF$,$14atg, to display an early flash of emission in the ultraviolet (UV) and optical. Our analysis finds that SN$,$2019yvq was unusual, even when ignoring the initial flash, in that it was moderately underluminous for an SN$,$Ia ($M_g approx -18.5,$mag at peak) yet featured very high absorption velocities ($v approx 15,000,mathrm{km,s}^{-1}$ for Si II $lambda$6355 at peak). We find that many of the observational features of SN$,$2019yvq, aside from the flash, can be explained if the explosive yield of radioactive $^{56}mathrm{Ni}$ is relatively low (we measure $M_{^{56}mathrm{Ni}} = 0.31 pm 0.05,M_odot$) and it and other iron-group elements are concentrated in the innermost layers of the ejecta. To explain both the UV/optical flash and peak properties of SN$,$2019yvq we consider four different models: interaction between the SN ejecta and a nondegenerate companion, extended clumps of $^{56}mathrm{Ni}$ in the outer ejecta, a double-detonation explosion, and the violent merger of two white dwarfs. Each of these models has shortcomings when compared to the observations; it is clear additional tuning is required to better match SN$,$2019yvq. In closing, we predict that the nebular spectra of SN$,$2019yvq will feature either H or He emission, if the ejecta collided with a companion, strong [Ca II] emission, if it was a double detonation, or narrow [O I] emission, if it was due to a violent merger.
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We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the nearby Type Ia SN 2019yvq, from its discovery $sim$1 day after explosion to $sim$100 days after its peak brightness. This SN exhibits several unusual features, most notably an extremely bright UV excess seen within $sim$5 days of its explosion. As seen in Swift UV data, this early excess outshines its peak brightness, making this object more extreme than other SNe with early UV/blue excesses (e.g. iPTF14atg and SN 2017cbv). In addition, it was underluminous ($M_B=-18.4$), relatively quickly declining ($Delta m_{15}(B)=1.35$), and shows red colors past its early blue bump. Unusual (although not unprecedented) spectral features include extremely broad-lined and high-velocity Si absorption. Despite obvious differences in peak spectra, we classify SN 2019yvq as a transitional member of the 02es-like subclass due to its similarities in several respects (e.g. color, peak luminosity, peak Ti, nebular [Ca II]). We model this dataset with a variety of published models, including SN ejecta - companion shock interaction and sub-Chandrasekhar mass WD double detonation models. Radio constraints from the VLA place an upper limit of $(4.5 - 20) times 10^{-8}$ M$_{odot}$/yr on the mass-loss rate from a symbiotic progenitor, which does not exclude a red giant or main sequence companion. Ultimately we find that no one model can accurately replicate all aspects of the dataset, and further we find that the ubiquity of early excesses in 02es-like SNe Ia requires a progenitor system that is capable of producing isotropic UV flux, ruling out some models for this class of objects.
PTF09dav is a peculiar subluminous type Ia supernova (SN) discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). Spectroscopically, it appears superficially similar to the class of subluminous SN1991bg-like SNe, but it has several unusual features which make it stand out from this population. Its peak luminosity is fainter than any previously discovered SN1991bg-like SN Ia (M_B -15.5), but without the unusually red optical colors expected if the faint luminosity were due to extinction. The photospheric optical spectra have very unusual strong lines of Sc II and Mg I, with possible Sr II, together with stronger than average Ti II and low velocities of ~6000 km/s. The host galaxy of PTF09dav is ambiguous. The SN lies either on the extreme outskirts (~41kpc) of a spiral galaxy, or in an very faint (M_R>-12.8) dwarf galaxy, unlike other 1991bg-like SNe which are invariably associated with massive, old stellar populations. PTF09dav is also an outlier on the light-curve-width--luminosity and color--luminosity relations derived for other sub-luminous SNe Ia. The inferred 56Ni mass is small (0.019+/-0.003Msun), as is the estimated ejecta mass of 0.36Msun. Taken together, these properties make PTF09dav a remarkable event. We discuss various physical models that could explain PTF09dav. Helium shell detonation or deflagration on the surface of a CO white-dwarf can explain some of the features of PTF09dav, including the presence of Sc and the low photospheric velocities, but the observed Si and Mg are not predicted to be very abundant in these models. We conclude that no single model is currently capable of explaining all of the observed signatures of PTF09dav.
We present ultraviolet (UV) and optical photometry and spectra of the 1999aa-like supernova (SN) iPTF14bdn. The UV data were observed using the Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (UVOT) and constitute the first UV spectral series of a 1999aa-like SN. From the photometry we measure $Delta m_{15}({it B}),=,0.84 pm0.05$ mag and blue UV colors at epochs earlier than $-5$ days. The spectra show that the early-time blue colors are the result of less absorption between $2800 - 3200 ,AA~$ than is present in normal SNe Ia. Using model spectra fits of the data at $-10 $ and $+10 $ days, we identify the origin of this spectral feature to be a temperature effect in which doubly ionized iron group elements create an opacity window. We determine that the detection of high temperatures and large quantities of iron group elements at early epochs imply the mixing of a high Ni mass into the outer layers of the SN ejecta. We also identify the source of the I-band secondary maximum in iPTF14bdn to be the decay of Fe III to Fe II, as is seen in normal SNe Ia.
We present photospheric-phase observations of LSQ12gdj, a slowly-declining, UV-bright Type Ia supernova. Classified well before maximum light, LSQ12gdj has extinction-corrected absolute magnitude $M_B = -19.8$, and pre-maximum spectroscopic evolution similar to SN 1991T and the super-Chandrasekhar-mass SN 2007if. We use ultraviolet photometry from Swift, ground-based optical photometry, and corrections from a near-infrared photometric template to construct the bolometric (1600-23800 AA) light curve out to 45 days past $B$-band maximum light. We estimate that LSQ12gdj produced $0.96 pm 0.07$ $M_odot$ of $^{56}$Ni, with an ejected mass near or slightly above the Chandrasekhar mass. As much as 27% of the flux at the earliest observed phases, and 17% at maximum light, is emitted bluewards of 3300 AA. The absence of excess luminosity at late times, the cutoff of the spectral energy distribution bluewards of 3000 AA, and the absence of narrow line emission and strong Na I D absorption all argue against a significant contribution from ongoing shock interaction. However, up to 10% of LSQ12gdjs luminosity near maximum light could be produced by the release of trapped radiation, including kinetic energy thermalized during a brief interaction with a compact, hydrogen-poor envelope (radius $< 10^{13}$ cm) shortly after explosion; such an envelope arises generically in double-degenerate merger scenarios.
We present ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and photometry of four Type Ia supernovae (SNe 2004dt, 2004ef, 2005M, and 2005cf) obtained with the UV prism of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. This dataset provides unique spectral time series down to 2000 Angstrom. Significant diversity is seen in the near maximum-light spectra (~ 2000--3500 Angstrom) for this small sample. The corresponding photometric data, together with archival data from Swift Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope observations, provide further evidence of increased dispersion in the UV emission with respect to the optical. The peak luminosities measured in uvw1/F250W are found to correlate with the B-band light-curve shape parameter dm15(B), but with much larger scatter relative to the correlation in the broad-band B band (e.g., ~0.4 mag versus ~0.2 mag for those with 0.8 < dm15 < 1.7 mag). SN 2004dt is found as an outlier of this correlation (at > 3 sigma), being brighter than normal SNe Ia such as SN 2005cf by ~0.9 mag and ~2.0 mag in the uvw1/F250W and uvm2/F220W filters, respectively. We show that different progenitor metallicity or line-expansion velocities alone cannot explain such a large discrepancy. Viewing-angle effects, such as due to an asymmetric explosion, may have a significant influence on the flux emitted in the UV region. Detailed modeling is needed to disentangle and quantify the above effects.
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