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Register a new userVisualizing Deep Learning-based Radio Modulation Classifier
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Deep learning has recently been successfully applied in automatic modulation classification by extracting and classifying radio features in an end-to-end way. However, deep learning-based radio modulation classifiers are lack of interpretability, and there is little explanation or visibility into what kinds of radio features are extracted and chosen for classification. In this paper, we visualize different deep learning-based radio modulation classifiers by introducing a class activation vector. Specifically, both convolutional neural networks (CNN) based classifier and long short-term memory (LSTM) based classifier are separately studied, and their extracted radio features are visualized. Extensive numerical results show both the CNN-based classifier and LSTM-based classifier extract similar radio features relating to modulation reference points. In particular, for the LSTM-based classifier, its obtained radio features are similar to the knowledge of human experts. Our numerical results indicate the radio features extracted by deep learning-based classifiers greatly depend on the contents carried by radio signals, and a short radio sample may lead to misclassification.
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Electroencephalography (EEG) is a complex signal and can require several years of training to be correctly interpreted. Recently, deep learning (DL) has shown great promise in helping make sense of EEG signals due to its capacity to learn good feature representations from raw data. Whether DL truly presents advantages as compared to more traditional EEG processing approaches, however, remains an open question. In this work, we review 156 papers that apply DL to EEG, published between January 2010 and July 2018, and spanning different application domains such as epilepsy, sleep, brain-computer interfacing, and cognitive and affective monitoring. We extract trends and highlight interesting approaches in order to inform future research and formulate recommendations. Various data items were extracted for each study pertaining to 1) the data, 2) the preprocessing methodology, 3) the DL design choices, 4) the results, and 5) the reproducibility of the experiments. Our analysis reveals that the amount of EEG data used across studies varies from less than ten minutes to thousands of hours. As for the model, 40% of the studies used convolutional neural networks (CNNs), while 14% used recurrent neural networks (RNNs), most often with a total of 3 to 10 layers. Moreover, almost one-half of the studies trained their models on raw or preprocessed EEG time series. Finally, the median gain in accuracy of DL approaches over traditional baselines was 5.4% across all relevant studies. More importantly, however, we noticed studies often suffer from poor reproducibility: a majority of papers would be hard or impossible to reproduce given the unavailability of their data and code. To help the field progress, we provide a list of recommendations for future studies and we make our summary table of DL and EEG papers available and invite the community to contribute.
We consider a wireless communication system that consists of a transmitter, a receiver, and an adversary. The transmitter transmits signals with different modulation types, while the receiver classifies its received signals to modulation types using a deep learning-based classifier. In the meantime, the adversary makes over-the-air transmissions that are received as superimposed with the transmitters signals to fool the classifier at the receiver into making errors. While this evasion attack has received growing interest recently, the channel effects from the adversary to the receiver have been ignored so far such that the previous attack mechanisms cannot be applied under realistic channel effects. In this paper, we present how to launch a realistic evasion attack by considering channels from the adversary to the receiver. Our results show that modulation classification is vulnerable to an adversarial attack over a wireless channel that is modeled as Rayleigh fading with path loss and shadowing. We present various adversarial attacks with respect to availability of information about channel, transmitter input, and classifier architecture. First, we present two types of adversarial attacks, namely a targeted attack (with minimum power) and non-targeted attack that aims to change the classification to a target label or to any other label other than the true label, respectively. Both are white-box attacks that are transmitter input-specific and use channel information. Then we introduce an algorithm to generate adversarial attacks using limited channel information where the adversary only knows the channel distribution. Finally, we present a black-box universal adversarial perturbation (UAP) attack where the adversary has limited knowledge about both channel and transmitter input.
Deep learning applied to electrocardiogram (ECG) data can be used to achieve personal authentication in biometric security applications, but it has not been widely used to diagnose cardiovascular disorders. We developed a deep learning model for the detection of arrhythmia in which time-sliced ECG data representing the distance between successive R-peaks are used as the input for a convolutional neural network (CNN). The main objective is developing the compact deep learning based detect system which minimally uses the dataset but delivers the confident accuracy rate of the Arrhythmia detection. This compact system can be implemented in wearable devices or real-time monitoring equipment because the feature extraction step is not required for complex ECG waveforms, only the R-peak data is needed. The results of both tests indicated that the Compact Arrhythmia Detection System (CADS) matched the performance of conventional systems for the detection of arrhythmia in two consecutive test runs. All features of the CADS are fully implemented and publicly available in MATLAB.
Radio signal classification has a very wide range of applications in the field of wireless communications and electromagnetic spectrum management. In recent years, deep learning has been used to solve the problem of radio signal classification and has achieved good results. However, the radio signal data currently used is very limited in scale. In order to verify the performance of the deep learning-based radio signal classification on real-world radio signal data, in this paper we conduct experiments on large-scale real-world ACARS and ADS-B signal data with sample sizes of 900,000 and 13,000,000, respectively, and with categories of 3,143 and 5,157 respectively. We use the same Inception-Residual neural network model structure for ACARS signal classification and ADS-B signal classification to verify the ability of a single basic deep neural network model structure to process different types of radio signals, i.e., communication bursts in ACARS and pulse bursts in ADS-B. We build an experimental system for radio signal deep learning experiments. Experimental results show that the signal classification accuracy of ACARS and ADS-B is 98.1% and 96.3%, respectively. When the signal-to-noise ratio (with injected additive white Gaussian noise) is greater than 9 dB, the classification accuracy is greater than 92%. These experimental results validate the ability of deep learning to classify large-scale real-world radio signals. The results of the transfer learning experiment show that the model trained on large-scale ADS-B datasets is more conducive to the learning and training of new tasks than the model trained on small-scale datasets.
The upcoming next-generation large area radio continuum surveys can expect tens of millions of radio sources, rendering the traditional method for radio morphology classification through visual inspection unfeasible. We present ClaRAN - Classifying Radio sources Automatically with Neural networks - a proof-of-concept radio source morphology classifier based upon the Faster Region-based Convolutional Neutral Networks (Faster R-CNN) method. Specifically, we train and test ClaRAN on the FIRST and WISE images from the Radio Galaxy Zoo Data Release 1 catalogue. ClaRAN provides end users with automated identification of radio source morphology classifications from a simple input of a radio image and a counterpart infrared image of the same region. ClaRAN is the first open-source, end-to-end radio source morphology classifier that is capable of locating and associating discrete and extended components of radio sources in a fast (< 200 milliseconds per image) and accurate (>= 90 %) fashion. Future work will improve ClaRANs relatively lower success rates in dealing with multi-source fields and will enable ClaRAN to identify sources on much larger fields without loss in classification accuracy.
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