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Register a new userIrrationality of growth constants associated with polynomial recursions
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We consider integer sequences that satisfy a recursion of the form $x_{n+1} = P(x_n)$ for some polynomial $P$ of degree $d > 1$. If such a sequence tends to infinity, then it satisfies an asymptotic formula of the form $x_n sim A alpha^{d^n}$, but little can be said about the constant $alpha$. In this paper, we show that $alpha$ is always irrational or an integer. In fact, we prove a stronger statement: if a sequence $G_n$ satisfies an asymptotic formula of the form $G_n = A alpha^n + B + O(alpha^{-epsilon n})$, where $A,B$ are algebraic and $alpha > 1$, and the sequence contains infinitely many integers, then $alpha$ is irrational or an integer.
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We prove that a real number a greater than or equal to 2 is the irrationality exponent of some computable real number if and only if a is the upper limit of a computable sequence of rational numbers. Thus, there are computable real numbers whose irrationality exponent is not computable.
We generalize the classical theorem by Jarnik and Besicovitch on the irrationality exponents of real numbers and Hausdorff dimension. Let a be any real number greater than or equal to 2 and let b be any non-negative real less than or equal to 2/a. We show that there is a Cantor-like set with Hausdorff dimension equal to b such that, with respect to its uniform measure, almost all real numbers have irrationality exponent equal to a. We give an analogous result relating the irrationality exponent and the effective Hausdorff dimension of individual real numbers. We prove that there is a Cantor-like set such that, with respect to its uniform measure, almost all elements in the set have effective Hausdorff dimension equal to b and irrationality exponent equal to a. In each case, we obtain the desired set as a distinguished path in a tree of Cantor sets.
The profile of a relational structure $R$ is the function $varphi_R$ which counts for every integer $n$ the number, possibly infinite, $varphi_R(n)$ of substructures of $R$ induced on the $n$-element subsets, isomorphic substructures being identified. If $varphi_R$ takes only finite values, this is the Hilbert function of a graded algebra associated with $R$, the age algebra $A(R)$, introduced by P.~J.~Cameron. In a previous paper, we studied the relationship between the properties of a relational structure and those of their algebra, particularly when the relational structure $R$ admits a finite monomorphic decomposition. This setting still encompasses well-studied graded commutative algebras like invariant rings of finite permutation groups, or the rings of quasi-symmetric polynomials. In this paper, we investigate how far the well know algebraic properties of those rings extend to age algebras. The main result is a combinatorial characterization of when the age algebra is finitely generated. In the special case of tournaments, we show that the age algebra is finitely generated if and only if the profile is bounded. We explore the Cohen-Macaulay property in the special case of invariants of permutation groupoids. Finally, we exhibit sufficient conditions on the relational structure that make naturally the age algebra into a Hopf algebra.
In this note we show how the irrationality measure of $zeta(s) = pi^2/6$ can be used to obtain explicit lower bounds for $pi(x)$. We analyze the key ingredients of the proof of the finiteness of the irrationality measure, and show how to obtain good lower bounds for $pi(x)$ from these arguments as well. Whi
We consider harmonic functions of polynomial growth of some order $d$ on Cayley graphs of groups of polynomial volume growth of order $D$ w.r.t. the word metric and prove the optimal estimate for the dimension of the space of such harmonic functions. More precisely, the dimension of this space of harmonic functions is at most of order $d^{D-1}$. As in the already known Riemannian case, this estimate is polynomial in the growth degree. More generally, our techniques also apply to graphs roughly isometric to Cayley graphs of groups of polynomial volume growth.
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