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On representations of $mathrm{Gal}(overline{mathbb{Q}}/mathbb{Q})$, $widehat{GT}$ and $mathrm{Aut}(hat{F}_2)$

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 Added by Frauke Bleher
 Publication date 2020
  fields
and research's language is English




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By work of Belyi, the absolute Galois group $G_{mathbb{Q}}=mathrm{Gal}(overline{mathbb{Q}}/mathbb{Q})$ of the field $mathbb{Q}$ of rational numbers can be embedded into $A=mathrm{Aut}(widehat{F_2})$, the automorphism group of the free profinite group $widehat{F_2}$ on two generators. The image of $G_{mathbb{Q}}$ lies inside $widehat{GT}$, the Grothendieck-Teichmuller group. While it is known that every abelian representation of $G_{mathbb{Q}}$ can be extended to $widehat{GT}$, Lochak and Schneps put forward the challenge of constructing irreducible non-abelian representations of $widehat{GT}$. We do this virtually, namely by showing that a rich class of arithmetically defined representations of $G_{mathbb{Q}}$ can be extended to finite index subgroups of $widehat{GT}$. This is achieved, in fact, by extending these representations all the way to finite index subgroups of $A=mathrm{Aut}(widehat{F_2})$. We do this by developing a profinite version of the work of Grunewald and Lubotzky, which provided a rich collection of representations for the discrete group $mathrm{Aut}(F_d)$.



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Permutation polynomials (PPs) of the form $(x^{q} -x + c)^{frac{q^2 -1}{3}+1} +x$ over $mathbb{F}_{q^2}$ were presented by Li, Helleseth and Tang [Finite Fields Appl. 22 (2013) 16--23]. More recently, we have constructed PPs of the form $(x^{q} +bx + c)^{frac{q^2 -1}{d}+1} -bx$ over $mathbb{F}_{q^2}$, where $d=2, 3, 4, 6$ [Finite Fields Appl. 35 (2015) 215--230]. In this paper we concentrate our efforts on the PPs of more general form [ f(x)=(ax^{q} +bx +c)^r phi((ax^{q} +bx +c)^{(q^2 -1)/d}) +ux^{q} +vx~~text{over $mathbb{F}_{q^2}$}, ] where $a,b,c,u,v in mathbb{F}_{q^2}$, $r in mathbb{Z}^{+}$, $phi(x)in mathbb{F}_{q^2}[x]$ and $d$ is an arbitrary positive divisor of $q^2-1$. The key step is the construction of a commutative diagram with specific properties, which is the basis of the Akbary--Ghioca--Wang (AGW) criterion. By employing the AGW criterion two times, we reduce the problem of determining whether $f(x)$ permutes $mathbb{F}_{q^2}$ to that of verifying whether two more polynomials permute two subsets of $mathbb{F}_{q^2}$. As a consequence, we find a series of simple conditions for $f(x)$ to be a PP of $mathbb{F}_{q^2}$. These results unify and generalize some known classes of PPs.
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