No Arabic abstract
Non-Fermi liquids in $d=2$ spatial dimensions can arise from coupling a Fermi surface to a gapless boson. At finite temperature, however, the perturbative quantum field theory description breaks down due to infrared divergences. These are caused by virtual static bosonic modes, and afflict both fermionic and bosonic correlators. We show how these divergences are resolved by self-consistent boson and fermion self-energies that resum an infinite class of diagrams and correct the standard Eliashberg equations. Extending a previous approach in $d=3-epsilon$ dimensions, we find a new thermal non-Fermi liquid regime that violates the scaling laws of the zero temperature fixed point and dominates over a wide range of scales. We conclude that basic properties of quantum phase transitions and quantum-classical crossovers at finite temperature are modified in crucial ways in systems with soft bosonic fluctuations, and we begin a study of some of the phenomenological consequences.
We present the detailed formalism of the extremely correlated Fermi liquid theory, developed for treating the physics of the t-J model. We start from the exact Schwinger equation of motion for the Greens function for projected electrons, and develop a systematic expansion in a parameter lambda, relating to the double occupancy. The resulting Greens function has a canonical part arising from an effective Hamiltonian of the auxiliary electrons, and a caparison part, playing the role of a frequency dependent adaptive spectral weight. This adaptive weight balances the requirement at low omega, of the invariance of the Fermi volume, and at high omega, of decaying as c_0/(i omega), with a correlation depleted c_0 <1. The effective Hamiltonian H_{eff} describing the auxiliary Fermions is given a natural interpretation with an effective interaction V_{eff} containing both the exchange J(ij), and the hopping parameters t(ij). It is made Hermitian by adding suitable terms that ultimately vanish, in the symmetrized theory developed in this paper. Simple but important shift invariances of the t-J model are noted with respect to translating its parameters uniformly. These play a crucial role in constraining the form of V_{eff} and also provide checks for further approximations. The auxiliary and physical Greens function satisfy two sum rules, and the Lagrange multipliers for these are identified. A complete set of expressions for the Greens functions to second order in lambda is given, satisfying various invariances. A systematic iterative procedure for higher order approximations is detailed. A superconducting instability of the theory is noted at the simplest level with a high transition temperature.
We revisit the interplay between superconductivity and quantum criticality when thermal effects from virtual static bosons are included. These contributions, which arise from an effective theory compactified on the thermal circle, strongly affect field-theoretic predictions even at small temperatures. We argue that they are ubiquitous in a wide variety of models of non-Fermi liquid behavior, and generically produce a parametric suppression of superconducting instabilities. We apply these ideas to non-Fermi liquids in $d=2$ space dimensions, obtained by coupling a Fermi surface to a Landau-damped soft boson. Extending previous methods developed for $d=3-epsilon$ dimensions, we determine the dynamics and phase diagram. It features a naked quantum critical point, separated by a continuous infinite order transition from a superconducting phase with strong non-Fermi liquid corrections. We also highlight the relevance of these effects for (numerical) experiments on non-Fermi liquids.
We derive the quantum Boltzmann equation (QBE) by using generalized Landau-interaction parameters, obtained through the nonequilibrium Greens function technique. This is a generalization of the usual QBE formalism to non-Fermi liquid (NFL) systems, which do not have well-defined quasiparticles. We apply this framework to a controlled low-energy effective field theory for the Ising-nematic quantum critical point, in order to find the collective excitations of the critical Fermi surface in the collisionless regime. We also compute the nature of the dispersion after the addition of weak Coulomb interactions. The zero angular momentum longitudinal vibrations of the Fermi surface show a linear-in-wavenumber dispersion, which corresponds to the zero sound of Landaus Fermi liquid theory. The Coulomb interaction modifies it to a plasmon mode in the long-wavelength limit, which disperses as the square-root of the wavenumber. Remarkably, our results show that the zero sound and plasmon modes show the same behaviour as in a Fermi liquid, although an NFL is fundamentally different from the former.
Significant effort has been devoted to the study of non-Fermi liquid (NFL) metals: gapless conducting systems that lack a quasiparticle description. One class of NFL metals involves a finite density of fermions interacting with soft order parameter fluctuations near a quantum critical point. The problem has been extensively studied in a large N limit (N corresponding to the number of fermion flavors) where universal behavior can be obtained by solving a set of coupled saddle-point equations. However a remarkable study by S.-S.~Lee revealed the breakdown of such approximations in two spatial dimensions. We show that an alternate approach, in which the fermions belong to the fundamental representation of a global SU(N) flavor symmetry, while the order parameter fields transform under the adjoint representation (a matrix large N theory), yields a tractable large N limit. At low energies, the system consists of an overdamped boson with dynamical exponent $z=3$ coupled to a non-Fermi liquid with self energy $Sigma(omega) sim omega^{2/3}$, consistent with previous studies.
A system with charge conservation and lattice translation symmetry has a well-defined filling $ u$, which is a real number representing the average charge per unit cell. We show that if $ u$ is fractional (i.e. not an integer), this imposes very strong constraints on the low-energy theory of the system and give a framework to understand such constraints in great generality, vastly generalizing the Luttinger and Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorems. The most powerful constraint comes about if $ u$ is continuously tunable (i.e. the system is charge-compressible), in which case we show that the low-energy theory must have a very large emergent symmetry group -- larger than any compact Lie group. An example is the Fermi surface of a Fermi liquid, where the charge at every point on the Fermi surface is conserved. We expect that in many, if not all, cases, even exotic non-Fermi liquids will have the same emergent symmetry group as a Fermi liquid, even though they could have very different dynamics. We call a system with this property an ersatz Fermi liquid. We show that ersatz Fermi liquids share a number of properties in common with Fermi liquids, including Luttingers theorem (which is thus extended to a large class of non-Fermi liquids) and periodic quantum oscillations in the response to an applied magnetic field. We also establis