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Register a new userFundamental Limitations of Rayleigh Backscattering Noise on Fiber-Based Multiple-Access Optical Frequency Transfer
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While it has been shown that backscattering induced phase noise can be suppressed by adopting acoustic-optic-modulators (AOMs) at the local and remote sites to break the frequency symmetry in both directions. However, this issue can not be avoided for conventional fiber-optic multiple-access coherent optical phase dissemination in which the interference of the signal light with the Rayleigh backscattered light will probably destroy the coherence of the stabilized optical signal. We suppress the backscattering effect by locally breaking the frequency symmetry at the extraction point by inserting an additional AOM. Here, we theoretically analyze and experimentally demonstrate an add-drop one more AOM approach for suppressing the Rayleigh backscattering within the fiber link. Near-complete suppression of backscattering noise is experimentally confirmed through the measurement the elimination of a common interference term of the signal light and the Rayleigh backscattered light. The results demonstrate that the Rayleigh backscattering light has a limited effect compared to the residual delay-limited fiber phase noise on the systems performance. Our results also provide new evidence that it is possible to largely suppress Rayleigh and other backscattering noise within a long optical fiber link, where the accumulated phase noise could be large, by using frequency symmetry breaking at each access node to achieve robust multiple-access coherent optical phase propagation in spite of scatters or defects.
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Optical fibers have been recognized as one of the most promising host material for high phase coherence optical frequency transfer over thousands of kilometers. In the pioneering work, the active phase noise cancellation (ANC) technique has been widely used for suppressing the fiber phase noise introduced by the environmental perturbations, in which an ideal phase detector with high resolution and unlimited detection range is needed to extract the fiber phase noise, in particular for noisy fiber links. We demonstrate the passive phase noise cancellation (PNC) technique without the need of phase detector could be preferable for noisy fiber links. To avoid the effect of the radio frequency (RF) from the time base at the local site in the conventional active or passive phase noise cancellation techniques, here we introduce a fiber-pigtailed acousto-optic modulator (AOM) with two diffraction order outputs (0 and +1 order) with properly allocating the AOM-driving frequencies allowing to cancel the time base effect. Using this technique, we demonstrate transfer of coherent light through a 260 km noisy urban fiber link. The results show the effect of the RF reference can be successfully removed. After being passively compensated, {we demonstrate a fractional frequency instability of $4.9times10^{-14}$ at the integration time of 1 s and scales down to $10^{-20}$ level at 10,000 s in terms of modified Allan deviation over the 260 km noisy urban fiber link}. The frequency uncertainty of the retrieved light after transferring through this noise-compensated fiber link relative to that of the input light achieves $(0.41pm4.7)times10^{-18}$. The proposed technique opens a way to a broad distribution of an ultrastable frequency reference with high coherence without any effects coming from the RF reference and enables a wide range of applications beyond metrology over fiber networks.
We report on the realization of a novel fiber-optic radio frequency (RF) transfer scheme with the bidirectional frequency division multiplexing (FDM) dissemination technique. Here, the proper bidirectional frequency map used in the forward and backward directions for suppressing the backscattering noise and ensuring the symmetry of the bidirectional transfer RF signals within one telecommunication channel. We experimentally demonstrated a 0.9 GHz signal transfer over a 120 km optical link with the relative frequency stabilities of 2.2E-14 at 1 s and 4.6E-17 at 20,000 s. The implementation of phase noise compensation at the remote site has the capability to perform RF transfer over a branching fiber network with the proposed technique as needed by large-scale scientific experiments.
We report on a fully bi-directional 680~km fiber link connecting two cities for which the equipment, the set up and the characterization are managed for the first time by an industrial consortium. The link uses an active telecommunication fiber network with parallel data traffic and is equipped with three repeater laser stations and four remote double bi-directional Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. We report a short term stability at 1~s integration time of $5.4times 10^{-16}$ in 0.5~Hz bandwidth and a long term stability of $1.7times10^{-20}$ at 65,000 s of integration time. The accuracy of the frequency transfer is evaluated as $3times 10^{-20}$. No shift is observed within the statistical uncertainty. We show a continuous operation over 5 days with an uptime of 99.93$%$. This performance is comparable with the state of the art coherent links established between National Metrology Institutes in Europe. It is a first step in the construction of an optical fiber network for metrology in France, which will give access to an ultra-high performance frequency standard to a wide community of scientific users.
Timescale comparison between optical atomic clocks over ground-to-space and terrestrial free-space laser links will have enormous benefits for fundamental and applied science, from measurements of fundamental constants and searches for dark matter, to geophysics and environmental monitoring. However, turbulence in the atmosphere creates phase noise on the laser signal, greatly degrading the precision of the measurements, and also induces scintillation and beam wander which cause periodic deep fades and loss of signal. We demonstrate phase stabilized optical frequency transfer over a 265 m horizontal point-to-point free-space link between optical terminals with active tip-tilt mirrors to suppress beam wander, in a compact, human-portable set-up. A phase stabilized 715 m underground optical fiber link between the two terminals is used to measure the performance of the free-space link. The active optics terminals enabled continuous, coherent transmission over periods of up to an hour. We achieve an 80 dB suppression of atmospheric phase noise to $3times10^{-6}$ rad$^{2}$Hz$^{-1}$ at 1 Hz, and an ultimate fractional frequency stability of $1.6times10^{-19}$ after 40 s of integration. At high frequency this performance is limited by the residual atmospheric noise after compensation and the frequency noise of the laser seen through the unequal delays of the free space and fiber links. Our long term stability is limited by the thermal shielding of the phase stabilization system. We achieve residual instabilities below those of the best optical atomic clocks, ensuring clock-limited frequency comparison over turbulent free-space links.
Broadband noise on supercontinuum spectra generated in microstructure fiber is shown to lead to amplitude fluctuations as large as 50 % for certain input laser pulse parameters. We study this noise using both experimental measurements and numerical simulations with a generalized stochastic nonlinear Schroedinger equation, finding good quantitative agreement over a range of input pulse energies and chirp values. This noise is shown to arise from nonlinear amplification of two quantum noise inputs: the input pulse shot noise and the spontaneous Raman scattering down the fiber.
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