Recent measurements of various charm-hadron ratios in $pp$, $p$-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC have posed challenges to the theoretical understanding of heavy-quark hadronization. The $Lambda_c/D^0$ ratio in $pp$ and $p$-Pb collisions shows larger values than those found in $e^+e^-$ and $ep$ collisions and predicted by Monte-Carlo event generators based on string fragmentation, at both low and intermediate transverse momenta ($p_T$). In AA collisions, the $D_s/D$ ratio is significantly enhanced over its values in $pp$, while the $Lambda_c/D^0$ data indicates a further enhancement at intermediate $p_T$. Here, we report on our recent developments for a comprehensive description of the charm hadrochemistry and transport in $pp$ and $AA$ collisions. For $pp$ collisions we find that the discrepancy between the $Lambda_c/D^0$ data and model predictions is much reduced by using a statistical hadronization model augmented by a large set of missing states in the charm-baryon spectrum, contributing to the $Lambda_c$ via decay feeddown. For $AA$ collisions, we develop a 4-momentum conserving resonance recombination model for charm-baryon formation implemented via event-by-event simulations that account for space-momentum correlations (SMCs) in transported charm- and thermal light-quark distributions. The SMCs, together with the augmented charm-baryon states, are found to play an important role in describing the baryon-to-meson enhancement at intermediate momenta. We emphasize the importance of satisfying the correct (relative) chemical equilibrium limit when computing the charm hadrochemistry and its momentum dependence with coalescence models.
Download