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Modeling Product Search Relevance in e-Commerce

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 Publication date 2020
and research's language is English




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With the rapid growth of e-Commerce, online product search has emerged as a popular and effective paradigm for customers to find desired products and engage in online shopping. However, there is still a big gap between the products that customers really desire to purchase and relevance of products that are suggested in response to a query from the customer. In this paper, we propose a robust way of predicting relevance scores given a search query and a product, using techniques involving machine learning, natural language processing and information retrieval. We compare conventional information retrieval models such as BM25 and Indri with deep learning models such as word2vec, sentence2vec and paragraph2vec. We share some of our insights and findings from our experiments.



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Result relevance prediction is an essential task of e-commerce search engines to boost the utility of search engines and ensure smooth user experience. The last few years eyewitnessed a flurry of research on the use of Transformer-style models and deep text-match models to improve relevance. However, these two types of models ignored the inherent bipartite network structures that are ubiquitous in e-commerce search logs, making these models ineffective. We propose in this paper a novel Second-order Relevance, which is fundamentally different from the previous First-order Relevance, to improve result relevance prediction. We design, for the first time, an end-to-end First-and-Second-order Relevance prediction model for e-commerce item relevance. The model is augmented by the neighborhood structures of bipartite networks that are built using the information of user behavioral feedback, including clicks and purchases. To ensure that edges accurately encode relevance information, we introduce external knowledge generated from BERT to refine the network of user behaviors. This allows the new model to integrate information from neighboring items and queries, which are highly relevant to the focus query-item pair under consideration. Results of offline experiments showed that the new model significantly improved the prediction accuracy in terms of human relevance judgment. An ablation study showed that the First-and-Second-order model gained a 4.3% average gain over the First-order model. Results of an online A/B test revealed that the new model derived more commercial benefits compared to the base model.
Typical e-commerce platforms contain millions of products in the catalog. Users visit these platforms and enter search queries to retrieve their desired products. Therefore, showing the relevant products at the top is essential for the success of e-commerce platforms. We approach this problem by learning low dimension representations for queries and product descriptions by leveraging user click-stream data as our main source of signal for product relevance. Starting from GRU-based architectures as our baseline model, we move towards a more advanced transformer-based architecture. This helps the model to learn contextual representations of queries and products to serve better search results and understand the user intent in an efficient manner. We perform experiments related to pre-training of the Transformer based RoBERTa model using a fashion corpus and fine-tuning it over the triplet loss. Our experiments on the product ranking task show that the RoBERTa model is able to give an improvement of 7.8% in Mean Reciprocal Rank(MRR), 15.8% in Mean Average Precision(MAP) and 8.8% in Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain(NDCG), thus outperforming our GRU based baselines. For the product retrieval task, RoBERTa model is able to outperform other two models with an improvement of 164.7% in Precision@50 and 145.3% in Recall@50. In order to highlight the importance of pre-training RoBERTa for fashion domain, we qualitatively compare already pre-trained RoBERTa on standard datasets with our custom pre-trained RoBERTa over a fashion corpus for the query token prediction task. Finally, we also show a qualitative comparison between GRU and RoBERTa results for product retrieval task for some test queries.
136 - Su Yan , Wei Lin , Tianshu Wu 2017
On most sponsored search platforms, advertisers bid on some keywords for their advertisements (ads). Given a search request, ad retrieval module rewrites the query into bidding keywords, and uses these keywords as keys to select Top N ads through inverted indexes. In this way, an ad will not be retrieved even if queries are related when the advertiser does not bid on corresponding keywords. Moreover, most ad retrieval approaches regard rewriting and ad-selecting as two separated tasks, and focus on boosting relevance between search queries and ads. Recently, in e-commerce sponsored search more and more personalized information has been introduced, such as user profiles, long-time and real-time clicks. Personalized information makes ad retrieval able to employ more elements (e.g. real-time clicks) as search signals and retrieval keys, however it makes ad retrieval more difficult to measure ads retrieved through different signals. To address these problems, we propose a novel ad retrieval framework beyond keywords and relevance in e-commerce sponsored search. Firstly, we employ historical ad click data to initialize a hierarchical network representing signals, keys and ads, in which personalized information is introduced. Then we train a model on top of the hierarchical network by learning the weights of edges. Finally we select the best edges according to the model, boosting RPM/CTR. Experimental results on our e-commerce platform demonstrate that our ad retrieval framework achieves good performance.
Showing items that do not match search query intent degrades customer experience in e-commerce. These mismatches result from counterfactual biases of the ranking algorithms toward noisy behavioral signals such as clicks and purchases in the search logs. Mitigating the problem requires a large labeled dataset, which is expensive and time-consuming to obtain. In this paper, we develop a deep, end-to-end model that learns to effectively classify mismatches and to generate hard mismatched examples to improve the classifier. We train the model end-to-end by introducing a latent variable into the cross-entropy loss that alternates between using the real and generated samples. This not only makes the classifier more robust but also boosts the overall ranking performance. Our model achieves a relative gain compared to baselines by over 26% in F-score, and over 17% in Area Under PR curve. On live search traffic, our model gains significant improvement in multiple countries.
125 - Daqing Wu , Xiao Luo , Zeyu Ma 2021
Nowadays, E-commerce is increasingly integrated into our daily lives. Meanwhile, shopping process has also changed incrementally from one behavior (purchase) to multiple behaviors (such as view, carting and purchase). Therefore, utilizing interaction data of auxiliary behavior data draws a lot of attention in the E-commerce recommender systems. However, all existing models ignore two kinds of intrinsic heterogeneity which are helpful to capture the difference of user preferences and the difference of item attributes. First (intra-heterogeneity), each user has multiple social identities with otherness, and these different identities can result in quite different interaction preferences. Second (inter-heterogeneity), each item can transfer an item-specific percentage of score from low-level behavior to high-level behavior for the gradual relationship among multiple behaviors. Thus, the lack of consideration of these heterogeneities damages recommendation rank performance. To model the above heterogeneities, we propose a novel method named intra- and inter-heterogeneity recommendation model (ARGO). Specifically, we embed each user into multiple vectors representing the users identities, and the maximum of identity scores indicates the interaction preference. Besides, we regard the item-specific transition percentage as trainable transition probability between different behaviors. Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets show that ARGO performs much better than the state-of-the-art in multi-behavior scenarios.

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