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Register a new userThe topology, geometry and dynamics of free groups. Part I: Outer space, fold paths, and the Nielsen/Whitehead problems
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Authors
Lee Mosher
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The object of this expository work is to try to unveil the topological/geometric intuition behind the theory of free groups and their automorphism and outer automorphism groups. The method we follow is to focus on a series of problems in the study of free groups, and use the solutions of those problems to motivate topological/geometric tools. We do not aim to write down proofs which minimize the number of alphanumeric characters. We instead strive to write down proofs which maximize the development of broadly applicable geometric tools. In Part I we study problems solved by Nielsen and Whitehead in the 1920s and 1930s, but we approach these problems from a modern topological/geometric viewpoint, and we formulate their solutions so as to motivate modern tools, including marked graphs, the outer space of a free group, and fold paths in outer space.
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We study atomic right-angled Artin groups -- those whose defining graph has no cycles of length less than five, and no separating vertices, separating edges, or separating vertex stars. We show that these groups are not quasi-isometrically rigid, but that an intermediate form of rigidity does hold. We deduce from this that two atomic groups are quasi-isometric iff they are isomorphic.
For a group $G$ generated by $k$ elements, the Nielsen equivalence classes are defined as orbits of the action of $operatorname{Aut} F_k$, the automorphism group of the free group of rank $k$, on the set of generating $k$-tuples of $G$. Let $pgeq 3$ be prime and $G_p$ the Gupta-Sidki $p$-group. We prove that there are infinitely many Nielsen equivalence classes on generating pairs of $G_p$.
We build two non-abelian CSA-groups in which maximal abelian subgroups are conjugate and divisible.
In contrast to being automatic, being Cayley automatic emph{a priori} has no geometric consequences. Specifically, Cayley graphs of automatic groups enjoy a fellow traveler property. Here we study a distance function introduced by the first author and Trakuldit which aims to measure how far a Cayley automatic group is from being automatic, in terms of how badly the Cayley graph fails the fellow traveler property. The first author and Trakuldit showed that if it fails by at most a constant amount, then the group is in fact automatic. In this article we show that for a large class of non-automatic Cayley automatic groups this function is bounded below by a linear function in a precise sense defined herein. In fact, for all Cayley automatic groups which have super-quadratic Dehn function, or which are not finitely presented, we can construct a non-decreasing function which (1) depends only on the group and (2) bounds from below the distance function for any Cayley automatic structure on the group.
The congruence subgroup problem for a finitely generated group $Gamma$ asks whether $widehat{Autleft(Gammaright)}to Aut(hat{Gamma})$ is injective, or more generally, what is its kernel $Cleft(Gammaright)$? Here $hat{X}$ denotes the profinite completion of $X$. In this paper we first give two new short proofs of two known results (for $Gamma=F_{2}$ and $Phi_{2}$) and a new result for $Gamma=Phi_{3}$: 1. $Cleft(F_{2}right)=left{ eright}$ when $F_{2}$ is the free group on two generators. 2. $Cleft(Phi_{2}right)=hat{F}_{omega}$ when $Phi_{n}$ is the free metabelian group on $n$ generators, and $hat{F}_{omega}$ is the free profinite group on $aleph_{0}$ generators. 3. $Cleft(Phi_{3}right)$ contains $hat{F}_{omega}$. Results 2. and 3. should be contrasted with an upcoming result of the first author showing that $Cleft(Phi_{n}right)$ is abelian for $ngeq4$.
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