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Register a new userShell evolution of $N=40$ isotones towards $^{60}$Ca: First spectroscopy of $^{62}$Ti
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Excited states in the $N=40$ isotone $^{62}$Ti were populated via the $^{63}$V$(p,2p)$$^{62}$Ti reaction at $sim$200~MeV/u at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory and studied using $gamma$-ray spectroscopy. The energies of the $2^+_1 rightarrow 0^{+}_{mathrm{gs}}$ and $4^+_1 rightarrow 2^+_1$ transitions, observed here for the first time, indicate a deformed $^{62}$Ti ground state. These energies are increased compared to the neighboring $^{64}$Cr and $^{66}$Fe isotones, suggesting a small decrease of quadrupole collectivity. The present measurement is well reproduced by large-scale shell-model calculations based on effective interactions, while ab initio and beyond mean-field calculations do not yet reproduce our findings. The shell-model calculations for $^{62}$Ti show a dominant configuration with four neutrons excited across the $N=40$ gap. Likewise, they indicate that the $N=40$ island of inversion extends down to $Z=20$, disfavoring a possible doubly magic character of the elusive $^{60}$Ca.
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Excited states in the neutron-rich N=38,36 nuclei uc{60}{Ti} and uc{58}{Ti} were populated in nucleon-removal reactions from uc{61}{V} projectiles at 90~MeV/nucleon. The gamma-ray transitions from such states in these Ti isotopes were detected with the advanced gamma-ray tracking array GRETINA and were corrected event-by-event for large Doppler shifts (v/c sim 0.4) using the gamma-ray interaction points deduced from online signal decomposition. The new data indicate that a steep decrease in quadrupole collectivity occurs when moving from neutron-rich N=36,38 Fe and Cr toward the Ti and Ca isotones. In fact, uc{58,60}{Ti} provide some of the most neutron-rich benchmarks accessible today for calculations attempting to determine the structure of the potentially doubly-magic nucleus uc{60}{Ca}.
A measurement of the $^{50}$Ti($d$,$p$)$^{51}$Ti reaction at 16 MeV was performed using a Super Enge Split Pole Spectrograph to measure the magnitude of the $N=32$ subshell gap in Ti. Seven states were observed that had not been observed in previous ($d$,$p$) measurements, and the textit{L} transfer values for six previously measured states were either changed or measured for the first time. The results were used to determine single neutron energies for the $p_{3/2}$, $p_{1/2}$ and $f_{5/2}$ orbitals. The resulting single neutron energies in $^{51}$Ti confirm the existence of the $N=32$ gap in Ti. These single neutron energies and those from previous measurements in $^{49}$Ca, $^{53}$Cr and $^{55}$Fe are compared to values from a covariant density functional theory calculation.
The structure of low-lying excitation states of even-even $N=40$ isotones is studied using a five-dimensional collective Hamiltonian with the collective parameters determined from the relativistic mean-field plus BCS method with the PC-PK1 functional in the particle-hole channel and a separable paring force in the particle-particle channel. The theoretical calculations can reproduce not only the systematics of the low-lying states along the isotonic chain but also the detailed structure of the spectroscopy in a single nucleus. We find a picture of spherical-oblate-prolate shape transition along the isotonic chain of $N=40$ by analyzing the potential energy surfaces. The coexistence of low-lying excited $0^+$ states has also been shown to be a common feature in neutron-deficient $N=40$ isotones.
In the present work we have reported comprehensive analysis of recently available experimental data [H.M. David et al., Phys. Lett. B {bf 726}, 665 (2013)] for high-spin states up to $17^+$ with $T=0$ in the odd-odd $N=Z$ nucleus $^{62}$Ga using shell model calculations within the full $f_{5/2}pg_{9/2}$ model space and deformed shell model based on Hartee-Fock intrinsic states in the same space. The calculations have been performed using jj44b effective interaction developed recently by B.A. Brown and A.F. Lisetskiy for this model space. The results obtained with the two models are similar and they are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. In addition to the $T=0$ and $T=1$ energy bands, band crossings and electromagnetic transition probabilities, we have also calculated the pairing energy in shell model and all these compare well with the available theoretical results.
The nuclei below lead but with more than 126 neutrons are crucial to an understanding of the astrophysical $r$-process in producing nuclei heavier than $Asim190$. Despite their importance, the structure and properties of these nuclei remain experimentally untested as they are difficult to produce in nuclear reactions with stable beams. In a first exploration of the shell structure of this region, neutron excitations in $^{207}$Hg have been probed using the neutron-adding ($d$,$p$) reaction in inverse kinematics. The radioactive beam of $^{206}$Hg was delivered to the new ISOLDE Solenoidal Spectrometer at an energy above the Coulomb barrier. The spectroscopy of $^{207}$Hg marks a first step in improving our understanding of the relevant structural properties of nuclei involved in a key part of the path of the $r$-process.
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