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Register a new userThe NGC 346 massive star census: Nitrogen abundances for apparently single, narrow lined, hydrogen core burning B-type stars
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Analyses of large spectroscopic surveys of early-type stars in the LMC have found an excess of nitrogen enriched B-type targets with a vsini<40 km/s compared with the predictions of single star evolutionary models incorporating rotational mixing. By contrast the number of such targets with 40<vsini<80 km/s were consistent with such models. We have undertaken a similar analysis for 61 B-type similar targets, towards the young cluster, NGC 346 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Approximately 65% could have nitrogen enhancements of less than 0.3 dex, consistent with them having experienced only small amounts of mixing due to their low rotational velocities. However as with the previous LMC surveys, an excess of stars with low projected rotational velocities, vsini<40 km/s and significant nitrogen enrichments is found. This is estimated to be approximately 5% of the total population of apparently single B-type stars or 40% of all stars with current rotational velocities of less than 40 km/s. For all three surveys, the presence of undetected binaries and other uncertainties imply that these percentages might be underestimated and indeed it is possible that all single stars with current rotational velocities of less than 40 km/s are nitrogen enriched. Possible explanations incorporate the effects of magnetic fields, via either a stellar merger followed by magnetic breaking or the evolution of a single star with a large magnetic field. Both mechanisms are compatible with the observed frequency of nitrogen-enriched stars in the Magellanic Clouds. Differences in the properties of the nitrogen-enriched stars compared with the remainder of the sample would be consistent with the former mechanism. For the latter, a qualitative comparison with evolutionary models incorporating magnetic fields is encouraging in terms of the amount of nitrogen enrichment and its presence in stars near the ZAMS.
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Previous analyses of the spectra of OB-type stars in the Magellanic Clouds have identified targets with low projected rotational velocities and relatively high nitrogen abundances. The VFTS obtained spectroscopy for B-type 434 stars. We have estimated atmospheric parameters and nitrogen abundances using TLUSTY model atmospheres for 54 B-type targets that appear to be single, have projected rotational velocities <80 kms and were not classified as supergiants. In addition, nitrogen abundances for 34 similar stars from a previous survey have been re-evaluated. Approximately 75-80% of the targets have nitrogen enhancements of less than 0.3 dex, consistent with them having experienced only small amounts of mixing. However, stars with low projected rotational velocities <40 kms and significant nitrogen enrichments are found in both our samples and simulations imply that these cannot all be rapidly rotating objects observed near pole-on. Adopting an enhancement threshold of 0.6 dex, we observed five stars, yet stellar evolution models with rotation predict only 1.25$pm$1.11 for random stellar viewing inclinations. The excess of such objects is estimated to be 20-30% of all stars with current rotational velocities of less than 40 kms and 2-4% of the total single B-type sample. These estimates constitute lower limits for stars that appear inconsistent with current grids of stellar evolutionary models. Including targets with smaller nitrogen enhancements of greater than 0.2 dex implies larger percentages of targets that are inconsistent with current evolutionary models, viz. 70% of the stars with rotational velocities less than 40 kms and 6-8% of the total single stellar population. We consider possible explanations of which the most promising would appear to be breaking due to magnetic fields or stellar mergers with subsequent magnetic braking.
Spectroscopy for 247 stars towards the young cluster NGC 346 in the Small Magellanic Cloud has been combined with that for 116 targets from the VLT-FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars. Spectral classification yields a sample of 47 O-type and 287 B-type spectra, while radial-velocity variations and/or spectral multiplicity have been used to identify 45 candidate single-lined systems, 17 double-lined systems, and one triple-lined system. Atmospheric parameters (T$_eff$ and log$g$) and projected rotational velocities ($v_e$sin$i$) have been estimated using TLUSTY model atmospheres; independent estimates of $v_e$sin$i$ were also obtained using a Fourier Transform method. Luminosities have been inferred from stellar apparent magnitudes and used in conjunction with the T$_eff$ and $v_e$sin$i$ estimates to constrain stellar masses and ages using the BONNSAI package. We find that targets towards the inner region of NGC 346 have higher median masses and projected rotational velocities, together with smaller median ages than the rest of the sample. There appears to be a population of very young targets with ages of less than 2 Myr, which have presumably all formed within the cluster. The more massive targets are found to have lower $v_e$sin$i$ consistent with previous studies. No significant evidence is found for differences with metallicity in the stellar rotational velocities of early-type stars, although the targets in the SMC may rotate faster than those in young Galactic clusters. The rotational velocity distribution for single non-supergiant B-type stars is inferred and implies that a significant number have low rotational velocity ($simeq$10% with $v_e$<40 km/s), together with a peak in the probability distribution at $v_e simeq$300 km/s. Larger projected rotational velocity estimates have been found for our Be-type sample and imply that most have rotational velocities between 200-450 km/s.
It is unknown whether or not low-mass stars can form at low metallicity. While theoretical simulations of Population III (Pop III) star formation show that protostellar disks can fragment, it is impossible for those simulations to discern if those fragments survive as low-mass stars. We report the discovery of a low-mass star on a circular orbit with orbital period P = 34.757 +/- 0.010 days in the ultra metal-poor (UMP) single-lined spectroscopic binary system 2MASS J18082002--5104378. The secondary star 2MASS J18082002--5104378 B has a mass M_2 = 0.14_{-0.01}^{+0.06} M_Sun, placing it near the hydrogen-burning limit for its composition. The 2MASS J18082002--5104378 system is on a thin disk orbit as well, making it the most metal-poor thin disk star system by a considerable margin. The discovery of 2MASS J18082002--5104378 B confirms the existence of low-mass UMP stars and its short orbital period shows that fragmentation in metal-poor protostellar disks can lead to the formation and survival of low-mass stars. We use scaling relations for the typical fragment mass and migration time along with published models of protostellar disks around both UMP and primordial composition stars to explore the formation of low-mass Pop III stars via disk fragmentation. We find evidence that the survival of low-mass secondaries around solar-mass UMP primaries implies the survival of solar-mass secondaries around Pop III primaries with masses 10 M_Sun < M_Star < 100 M_Sun. If true, this inference suggests that solar-mass Pop III stars formed via disk fragmentation could survive to the present day.
A major uncertainty in the theory of stellar evolution is the angular momentum distribution inside stars and its change during stellar life. We compose a sample of 67 stars in the core-hydrogen burning phase with a $log,g$ value from high-resolution spectroscopy, as well as an asteroseismic estimate of the near-core rotation rate derived from gravity-mode oscillations detected in space photometry. This assembly includes 8 B-type stars and 59 AF-type stars, covering a mass range from 1.4 to 5,M$_odot$, i.e., it concerns intermediate-mass stars born with a well-developed convective core. The sample covers projected surface rotation velocities $vsin,i in[9,242],$km,s$^{-1}$ and core rotation rates up to $26mu$Hz, which corresponds to 50% of the critical rotation frequency. We find deviations from rigid rotation to be moderate in the single stars of this sample. We place the near-core rotation rates in an evolutionary context and find that the core rotation must drop drastically before or during the short phase between the end of the core-hydrogen burning and the onset of core-helium burning. We compute the spin parameter, which is the ratio of twice the rotation rate to the mode frequency (also known as the inverse Rossby number), for 1682 gravity modes and find the majority (95%) to occur in the sub-inertial regime. The ten stars with Rossby modes have spin parameters between 14 and 30, while the gravito-inertial modes cover the range from 1 to 15.
Early B-type stars are invaluable indicators for elemental abundances of their birth environments. In contrast to the surrounding neutral interstellar matter (ISM) and HII regions their chemical composition is unaffected by depletion onto dust grains and by the derivation of different abundances from recombination and collisional lines. In combination with ISM or nebular gas-phase abundances they facilitate the dust-phase composition to be constrained. Precise abundances of C, N, Mg, Ne, Fe in early B-type stars in the Orion star-forming region are determined in order to: a) review previous determinations using a self-consistent quantitative spectral analysis based on modern stellar atmospheres and recently updated model atoms, b) complement results found in Paper I for oxygen and silicon, c) establish an accurate and reliable set of stellar metal abundances to constrain the dust-phase composition of the Orion HII region in Paper II of the series. A detailed, self-consistent spectroscopic study of a sample of 13 narrow-lined B0V-B2V stars in Ori OB1 is performed. High-quality spectra obtained with FIES@NOT are analysed using a non-LTE method and line-profile fitting techniques, validating the approach by comparison with results obtained in Paper I using line-blanketed non-LTE model atmospheres and a curve-of-growth analysis. The two independent analysis strategies give consistent results for basic stellar parameters and abundances of oxygen and silicon. The extended analysis to C, N, Mg, Ne, and Fe finds a high degree of chemical homogeneity, with the 1sigma-scatter adopting values of 0.03--0.07 dex around the mean for the various elements. Present-day abundances from B-type stars in Ori OB1 are compatible at similar precision with cosmic abundance standard values as recently established from early-type stars in the solar neighbourhood and also with the Sun. (abridged)
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