No Arabic abstract
We present an electromagnetic chirality measure for 2D arrays of subwavelength periodicities under normal illumination. The calculation of the measure uses only the complex reflection and transmission coefficients from the array. The measure allows the ordering of arrays according to their electromagnetic chirality, which further allows a quantitative comparison of different design strategies. The measure is upper bounded, and the extreme properties of objects with high values of electromagnetic chirality make them useful in both near- and far-field applications. We analyze the consequences that different possible symmetries of the array have on its electromagnetic chirality. We use the measure to study four different arrays. The results indicate the suitability of helices for building arrays of high electromagnetic chirality, and the low effectiveness of a substrate for breaking the transverse mirror symmetry.
Many nanophotonic applications require precise control and characterization of electromagnetic field properties at the nanoscale. The chiral properties of the field are among its key characteristics, yet measurement of optical chirality at dimensions beyond the diffraction limit has proven difficult. Here we theoretically show that the chiral properties of light can be characterized down to the nanometer scale by means of force detection. We demonstrate that the photo-induced force exerted on a sharp chiral tip, subjected to sequential illumination by two circularly polarized beams of opposite handedness, provides a useful probe of the chirality of the electromagnetic field. The gradient force difference $Deltalangle$textit{$F_{grad, z}$}$rangle$ is found to have exclusive correspondence to the time-averaged helicity density, whereas the differential scattering force provides information about the spin angular momentum density of light. We further characterize and quantify the helicity-dependent $Deltalangle$textit{$F_{grad, z}$}$rangle$ using a Mie scattering formalism complemented with full wave simulations, underlining that the magnitude of the difference force is within an experimentally detectable range.
Under weak illumination, tracking and imaging moving object turns out to be hard. By spatially collecting the signal, single pixel imaging schemes promise the capability of image reconstruction from low photon flux. However, due to the requirement on large number of samplings, how to clearly image moving objects is an essential problem for such schemes. Here we present a principle of single pixel tracking and imaging method. Velocity vector of the object is obtained from temporal correlation of the bucket signals in a typical computational ghost imaging system. Then the illumination beam is steered accordingly. Taking the velocity into account, both trajectory and clear image of the object are achieved during its evolution. Since tracking is achieved with bucket signals independently, this scheme is valid for capturing moving object as fast as its displacement within the interval of every sampling keeps larger than the resolution of the optical system. Experimentally, our method works well with the average number of detected photons down to 1.88 photons/speckle.
An abnormal increase in the SDE was observed for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) when the bias current (Ib) was close to the switching current (Isw). By introducing the time-correlated single-photon counting technique, we investigated the temporal histogram of the detection counts of an SNSPD under illumination. The temporal information helps us to distinguish photon counts from dark counts in the time domain. In this manner, the dark count rate (DCR) under illumination and the accurate SDE can be determined. The DCR under moderate illumination may be significantly larger than the conventional DCR measured without illumination under a high Ib, which causes the abnormal increase in the SDE. The increased DCR may be explained by the suppression of Isw under illumination.
Deformations of horizontal liquid interfaces by optical radiation pressure are generally expected to display similar behaviors whatever the direction of propagation of the exciting laser beam is. In the present experiment we find this expectation to be borne out, as long as the cw laser illumination is moderate in strength. However, as a striking contrast in the case of high field strengths, we find that either a large stable tether can be formed, or else that a break-up of the interface can occur, depending on whether the laser beam is upward or downward directed. Physically, the reason for this asymmetry can be traced to whether total reflection can occur or not. We also present two simple theoretical models, one based on geometrical optics, the other on wave optics, that are able to illustrate the essence of the effect. In the case leading to interface disruption our experimental results are compared with those obtained by Zhang and Chang for water droplets under intense laser pulses [Opt. Lett. textbf{13}, 916 (1988)]. A key point in our experimental investigations is to work with a near-critical liquid/liquid interface. The surface tension becomes therefore significantly reduced, which thus enhances the magnitude of the stationary deformations induced.
Manipulating the global $PT$ symmetry of a non-Hermitian composite system is a rather significative and challenging task. Here, we investigate Floquet control of global $PT$ symmetry in 2D arrays of quadrimer waveguides with transverse periodic structure along $x$-axis and longitudinal periodic modulation along $z$-axis. For unmodulated case with inhomogeneous inter- and intra- quadrimer coupling strength $kappa_1 eqkappa$, in addition to conventional global $PT$-symmetric phase and $PT$-symmetry-breaking phase, we find that there is exotic phase where global $PT$ symmetry is broken under open boundary condition, whereas it still is unbroken under periodical boundary condition. The boundary of phase is analytically given as $kappa_1geqkappa+sqrt{2}$ and $1leqgammaleq2$, where there exists a pair of zero-energy edge states with purely imaginary energy eigenvalues localized at the left boundary, whereas other $4N-2$ eigenvalues are real. Especially, the domain of the exotic phase can be manipulated narrow and even disappeared by tuning modulation parameter. More interestingly, whether or not the array has initial global $PT$ symmetry, periodic modulation not only can restore the broken global $PT$ symmetry, but also can control it by tuning modulation amplitude. Therefore, the global property of transverse periodic structure of such a 2D array can be manipulated by only tuning modulation amplitude of longitudinal periodic modulation.