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We describe staq, a full-stack quantum processing toolkit written in standard C++. staq is a quantum compiler toolkit, comprising of tools that range from quantum optimizers and translators to physical mappers for quantum devices with restricted connectives. The design of staq is inspired from the UNIX philosophy of less is more, i.e. staq achieves complex functionality via combining (piping) small tools, each of which performs a single task using the most advanced current state-of-the-art methods. We also provide a set of illustrative benchmarks.
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This paper presents the definition and implementation of a quantum computer architecture to enable creating a new computational device - a quantum computer as an accelerator. In this paper, we present explicitly the idea of a quantum accelerator which contains the full stack of the layers of an accelerator. Such a stack starts at the highest level describing the target application of the accelerator. The next layer abstracts the quantum logic outlining the algorithm that is to be executed on the quantum accelerator. In our case, the logic is expressed in the universal quantum-classical hybrid computation language developed in the group, called OpenQL, which visualised the quantum processor as a computational accelerator. The OpenQL compiler translates the program to a common assembly language, called cQASM, which can be executed on a quantum simulator. The cQASM represents the instruction set that can be executed by the micro-architecture implemented in the quantum accelerator. In a subsequent step, the compiler can convert the cQASM to generate the eQASM, which is executable on a particular experimental device incorporating the platform-specific parameters. This way, we are able to distinguish clearly the experimental research towards better qubits, and the industrial and societal applications that need to be developed and executed on a quantum device. The first case offers experimental physicists with a full-stack experimental platform using realistic qubits with decoherence and error-rates while the second case offers perfect qubits to the quantum application developer, where there is no decoherence nor error-rates. We conclude the paper by explicitly presenting three examples of full-stack quantum accelerators, for an experimental superconducting processor, for quantum accelerated genome sequencing and for near-term generic optimisation problems based on quantum heuristic approaches.
ArQTiC is an open-source, full-stack software package built for the simulations of materials on quantum computers. It currently can simulate materials that can be modeled by any Hamiltonian derived from a generic, one-dimensional, time-dependent Heisenberg Hamiltonain. ArQTiC includes modules for generating quantum programs for real- and imaginary-time evolution, quantum circuit optimization, connection to various quantum backends via the cloud, and post-processing of quantum results. By enabling users to seamlessly perform and analyze materials simulations on quantum computers by simply providing a minimal input text file, ArQTiC opens this field to a broader community of scientists from a wider range of scientific domains.
In recent years, Quantum Computing (QC) has progressed to the point where small working prototypes are available for use. Termed Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers, these prototypes are too small for large benchmarks or even for Quantum Error Correction, but they do have sufficient resources to run small benchmarks, particularly if compiled with optimizations to make use of scarce qubits and limited operation counts and coherence times. QC has not yet, however, settled on a particular preferred device implementation technology, and indeed different NISQ prototypes implement qubits with very different physical approaches and therefore widely-varying device and machine characteristics. Our work performs a full-stack, benchmark-driven hardware-software analysis of QC systems. We evaluate QC architectural possibilities, software-visible gates, and software optimizations to tackle fundamental design questions about gate set choices, communication topology, the factors affecting benchmark performance and compiler optimizations. In order to answer key cross-technology and cross-platform design questions, our work has built the first top-to-bottom toolflow to target different qubit device technologies, including superconducting and trapped ion qubits which are the current QC front-runners. We use our toolflow, TriQ, to conduct {em real-system} measurements on 7 running QC prototypes from 3 different groups, IBM, Rigetti, and University of Maryland. From these real-system experiences at QCs hardware-software interface, we make observations about native and software-visible gates for different QC technologies, communication topologies, and the value of noise-aware compilation even on lower-noise platforms. This is the largest cross-platform real-system QC study performed thus far; its results have the potential to inform both QC device and compiler design going forward.
We study the correlation clustering problem using the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) and qudits, which constitute a natural platform for such non-binary problems. Specifically, we consider a neutral atom quantum computer and propose a full stack approach for correlation clustering, including Hamiltonian formulation of the algorithm, analysis of its performance, identification of a suitable level structure for ${}^{87}{rm Sr}$ and specific gate design. We show the qudit implementation is superior to the qubit encoding as quantified by the gate count. For single layer QAOA, we also prove (conjecture) a lower bound of $0.6367$ ($0.6699$) for the approximation ratio on 3-regular graphs. Our numerical studies evaluate the algorithms performance by considering complete and ErdH{o}s-Renyi graphs of up to 7 vertices and clusters. We find that in all cases the QAOA surpasses the Swamy bound $0.7666$ for the approximation ratio for QAOA depths $p geq 2$. Finally, by analysing the effect of errors when solving complete graphs we find that their inclusion severely limits the algorithms performance.
We present an open-source software package called Hamiltonian Open Quantum System Toolkit (HOQST), a collection of tools for the investigation of open quantum system dynamics in Hamiltonian quantum computing, including both quantum annealing and the gate-model of quantum computing. It features the key master equations (MEs) used in the field, suitable for describing the reduced system dynamics of an arbitrary time-dependent Hamiltonian with either weak or strong coupling to infinite-dimensional quantum baths. This includes the Redfield ME, the polaron-transformed Redfield ME, the adiabatic ME, the coarse-grained ME, and the universal Lindblad ME. HOQST also includes the stochastic Schrodinger equation with spin-fluctuators. We present an overview of the theories behind the various MEs and provide examples to illustrate typical workflows in HOQST. The package is ready to be deployed on high performance computing (HPC) clusters and aimed at providing reliable open-system analysis tools for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. To start working with HOQST, users should go to its Github repository: https://github.com/USCqserver/OpenQuantumTools.jl. Detailed information can be found in the README file.
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