We demonstrate a new approach to Neural Machine Translation (NMT) for low-resource languages using a ubiquitous linguistic resource, Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT). IGT represents a non-English sentence as a sequence of English lemmas and morpheme labels. As such, it can serve as a pivot or interlingua for NMT. Our contribution is four-fold. Firstly, we pool IGT for 1,497 languages in ODIN (54,545 glosses) and 70,918 glosses in Arapaho and train a gloss-to-target NMT system from IGT to English, with a BLEU score of 25.94. We introduce a multilingual NMT model that tags all glossed text with gloss-source language tags and train a universal system with shared attention across 1,497 languages. Secondly, we use the IGT gloss-to-target translation as a key step in an English-Turkish MT system trained on only 865 lines from ODIN. Thirdly, we we present five metrics for evaluating extremely low-resource translation when BLEU is no longer sufficient and evaluate the Turkish low-resource system using BLEU and also using accuracy of matching nouns, verbs, agreement, tense, and spurious repetition, showing large improvements.
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