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Giulia Pancheri Dr.
Publication date
2019
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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Bruno Touschek was an Austrian born theoretical physicist, who proposed and built the first electron-positron collider in 1960 in the Frascati National Laboratories in Italy. In this note we reconstruct a crucial period of Bruno Touscheks life so far scarcely explored, which runs from Summer 1945 to the end of 1946. We shall describe his university studies in Gottingen, placing them in the context of the reconstruction of German science after 1945. The influence of Werner Heisenberg and other prominent German physicists will be highlighted. In parallel, we shall show how the decisions of the Allied powers towards restructuring science and technology in the UK after the war effort, determined Touscheks move to the University of Glasgow in 1947.
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In the history of the discovery tools of last century particle physics, central stage is taken by elementary particle accelerators and in particular by colliders. In their start and early development, a major role was played by the Austrian born Bruno Touschek, who proposed and built the first electron positron collider, AdA, in Italy, in 1960. In this note, we present a period of Touscheks life barely explored in the literature, namely the five years he spent at University of Glasgow, first to obtain his doctorate in 1949 and then as a lecturer. We shall highlight his formation as a theoretical physicist, his contacts and correspondence with Werner Heisenberg in Gottingen and Max Born in Edinburgh, as well as his close involvement with colleagues intent on building modern particle accelerators in Glasgow, Malvern, Manchester and Birmingham. We shall discuss how the Fuchs affair, which unraveled in early 1950, may have influenced his decision to leave the UK, and how contacts with the Italian physicist Bruno Ferretti led Touschek to join the Guglielmo Marconi Physics Institute of University of Rome in January 1953.
We describe how the first direct observation of electron-positron collisions took place in 1963-1964 at the Laboratoire de lAccelerateur Lineaire dOrsay, in France, with the storage ring AdA, which had been proposed and constructed in the Italian National Laboratories of Frascati in 1960, under the guidance of Bruno Touschek. The obstacles and successes of the two and a half years during which the feasibility of electron-positron colliders was proved will be illustrated using archival and forgotten documents, in addition to transcripts from interviews with Carlo Bernardini, Peppino Di Giugno, Mario Fascetti, Francois Lacoste, and Jacques Haissinski.
Radio astronomy commenced in earnest after World War II, with Australia keenly engaged through the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. At this juncture, Australias Commonwealth Solar Observatory expanded its portfolio from primarily studying solar phenomena to conducting stellar and extragalactic research. Subsequently, in the 1950s and 1960s, astronomy gradually became taught and researched in Australian universities. However, most scientific publications from this era of growth and discovery have no country of affiliation in their header information, making it hard to find the Australian astronomy articles from this period. In 2014, we used the then-new Astrophysics Data System (ADS) tool Bumblebee to overcome this challenge and track down the Australian-led astronomy papers published during the quarter of a century after World War II, from 1945 until the lunar landing in 1969. This required knowledge of the research centres and facilities operating at the time, which are briefly summarised herein. Based on citation counts -- an objective, universally-used measure of scientific impact -- we report on the Australian astronomy articles which had the biggest impact. We have identified the top-ten most-cited papers, and thus also their area of research, from five consecutive time-intervals across that blossoming quarter-century of astronomy. Moreover, we have invested a substantial amount of time researching and providing a small tribute to each of the 62 scientists involved, including several trail-blazing women. Furthermore, we provide an extensive list of references and point out many interesting historical connections and anecdotes.
There are a wide variety of different vector formalisms currently utilized in engineering and physics. For example, Gibbs three-vectors, Minkowski four-vectors, complex spinors in quantum mechanics, quaternions used to describe rigid body rotations and vectors defined in Clifford geometric algebra. With such a range of vector formalisms in use, it thus appears that there is as yet no general agreement on a vector formalism suitable for science as a whole. This is surprising, in that, one of the primary goals of nineteenth century science was to suitably describe vectors in three-dimensional space. This situation has also had the unfortunate consequence of fragmenting knowledge across many disciplines, and requiring a significant amount of time and effort in learning the various formalisms. We thus historically review the development of our various vector systems and conclude that Cliffords multivectors best fulfills the goal of describing vectorial quantities in three dimensions and providing a unified vector system for science.
On February 16, 1951, at the atomic energy pilot plant on Huemul Island, San Carlos de Bariloche, thermonuclear reactions were carried out under control conditions on a technical scale. This is how Gral. Peron announced, on March 24, 1951, the amazing result of what became known as the Huemul Project. In this article we review that story of misadventures that, despite its extravagant development and announced end, came to mean the beginning of Argentine nuclear development.
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