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Register a new userLiouville-Riemann-Roch theorems on abelian coverings
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The classical Riemann-Roch theorem has been extended by N. Nadirashvili and then M. Gromov and M. Shubin to computing indices of elliptic operators on compact (as well as non-compact) manifolds, when a divisor mandates a finite number of zeros and allows a finite number of poles of solutions. On the other hand, Liouville type theorems count the number of solutions that are allowed to have a pole at infinity. Usually these theorems do not provide the exact dimensions of the spaces of such solutions (only finite-dimensionality, possibly with estimates or asymptotics of the dimension. An important case has been discovered by M. Avellaneda and F. H. Lin and advanced further by J. Moser and M. Struwe. It pertains periodic elliptic operators of divergent type, where, surprisingly, exact dimensions can be computed. This study has been extended by P. Li and Wang and brought to its natural limit for the case of periodic elliptic operators on co-compact abelian coverings by P. Kuchment and Pinchover. Comparison of the results and techniques of Nadirashvili and Gromov and Shubin with those of Kuchment and Pinchover shows significant similarities, as well as appearance of the same combinatorial expressions in the answers. Thus a natural idea was considered that possibly the results could be combined somehow in the case of co-compact abelian coverings, if the infinity is added to the divisor. This work shows that such results indeed can be obtained, although they come out more intricate than a simple-minded expectation would suggest. Namely, the interaction between the finite divisor and the point at infinity is non-trivial.
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We study perturbations of the self-adjoint periodic Sturm--Liouville operator [ A_0 = frac{1}{r_0}left(-frac{mathrm d}{mathrm dx} p_0 frac{mathrm d}{mathrm dx} + q_0right) ] and conclude under $L^1$-assumptions on the differences of the coefficients that the essential spectrum and absolutely continuous spectrum remain the same. If a finite first moment condition holds for the differences of the coefficients, then at most finitely many eigenvalues appear in the spectral gaps. This observation extends a seminal result by Rofe-Beketov from the 1960s. Finally, imposing a second moment condition we show that the band edges are no eigenvalues of the perturbed operator.
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We study directed, weighted graphs $G=(V,E)$ and consider the (not necessarily symmetric) averaging operator $$ (mathcal{L}u)(i) = -sum_{j sim_{} i}{p_{ij} (u(j) - u(i))},$$ where $p_{ij}$ are normalized edge weights. Given a vertex $i in V$, we define the diffusion distance to a set $B subset V$ as the smallest number of steps $d_{B}(i) in mathbb{N}$ required for half of all random walks started in $i$ and moving randomly with respect to the weights $p_{ij}$ to visit $B$ within $d_{B}(i)$ steps. Our main result is that the eigenfunctions interact nicely with this notion of distance. In particular, if $u$ satisfies $mathcal{L}u = lambda u$ on $V$ and $$ B = left{ i in V: - varepsilon leq u(i) leq varepsilon right} eq emptyset,$$ then, for all $i in V$, $$ d_{B}(i) log{left( frac{1}{|1-lambda|} right) } geq log{left( frac{ |u(i)| }{|u|_{L^{infty}}} right)} - log{left(frac{1}{2} + varepsilonright)}.$$ $d_B(i)$ is a remarkably good approximation of $|u|$ in the sense of having very high correlation. The result implies that the classical one-dimensional spectral embedding preserves particular aspects of geometry in the presence of clustered data. We also give a continuous variant of the result which has a connection to the hot spots conjecture.
In geometric analysis, an index theorem relates the difference of the numbers of solutions of two differential equations to the topological structure of the manifold or bundle concerned, sometimes using the heat kernels of two higher-order differential operators as an intermediary. In this paper, the case of quantum graphs is addressed. A quantum graph is a graph considered as a (singular) one-dimensional variety and equipped with a second-order differential Hamiltonian H (a Laplacian) with suitable conditions at vertices. For the case of scale-invariant vertex conditions (i.e., conditions that do not mix the values of functions and of their derivatives), the constant term of the heat-kernel expansion is shown to be proportional to the trace of the internal scattering matrix of the graph. This observation is placed into the index-theory context by factoring the Laplacian into two first-order operators, H =A*A, and relating the constant term to the index of A. An independent consideration provides an index formula for any differential operator on a finite quantum graph in terms of the vertex conditions. It is found also that the algebraic multiplicity of 0 as a root of the secular determinant of H is the sum of the nullities of A and A*.
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