The internationalized domain name (IDN) is a mechanism that enables us to use Unicode characters in domain names. The set of Unicode characters contains several pairs of characters that are visually identical with each other; e.g., the Latin character a (U+0061) and Cyrillic character a (U+0430). Visually identical characters such as these are generally known as homoglyphs. IDN homograph attacks, which are widely known, abuse Unicode homoglyphs to create lookalike URLs. Although the threat posed by IDN homograph attacks is not new, the recent rise of IDN adoption in both domain name registries and web browsers has resulted in the threat of these attacks becoming increasingly widespread, leading to large-scale phishing attacks such as those targeting cryptocurrency exchange companies. In this work, we developed a framework named ShamFinder, which is an automated scheme to detect IDN homographs. Our key contribution is the automatic construction of a homoglyph database, which can be used for direct countermeasures against the attack and to inform users about the context of an IDN homograph. Using the ShamFinder framework, we perform a large-scale measurement study that aims to understand the IDN homographs that exist in the wild. On the basis of our approach, we provide insights into an effective counter-measure against the threats caused by the IDN homograph attack.
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