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We present O CAESAR, the Optical CAtalogue of Extragalactic SupernovA Remnants. O CAESAR will provide the largest homogeneous optical survey of extragalactic SNR candidates taken by the same telescope, the same instrument, and under similar observational conditions. Our sample is volume-limited (D $leq$ 10 Mpc) and includes mostly galaxies ($sim$40) from the Large Program SIGNALS. The Observations are carried out using SITELLE, the imaging Fourier transform spectrograph of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Using three filters, we are able to measure the strong emission lines [O II]$lambda$3727, H$beta$, [O III]$lambdalambda$4959,5007, H$alpha$, [N II]$lambdalambda$6548,6583, and [S II]$lambdalambda$6716,6731. Identification of the SNR candidates will be done automatically and will be based on four criteria for regions where the emission lines flux ratio [S II]/H$alpha$ $ge$ 0.4. To confirm the shock-heated nature of the ionization mechanism in the candidates derived from our sample, we adopted a self-consistent spectroscopic analysis using the whole set of emission lines available with our SITELLE data and considering Sabbadin plots and BPT diagrams. We here present our method and first results for the spiral galaxy NGC 3344.
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We search for far-infrared (FIR) counterparts of known supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Galactic plane (360 degrees in longitude and b = +/- 1 deg ) at 70 - 500 micron with Herschel. We detect dust signatures in 39 SNRs out of 190, made up of 13 core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), including 4 Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe), and 2 Type Ia SNe. A further 24 FIR detected SNRs have unknown types. We confirm the FIR detection of ejecta dust within G350.1-0.3, adding to the known sample of ~10 SNRs containing ejecta dust. We discover dust features at the location of a radio core at the centre of G351.2+0.1, indicating FIR emission coincident with a possible Crab-like compact object, with dust temperature and mass of Td = 45.8 K and Md = 0.18 solar mass, similar to the PWN G54.1+0.3. We show that the detection rate is higher among young SNRs. We produce dust temperature maps of 11 SNRs and mass maps of those with distance estimates, finding dust at temperatures 15 < Td < 40 K. If the dust is heated by shock interactions the shocked gas must be relatively cool and/or have a low density to explain the observed low grain temperatures.
During an [O III] survey for planetary nebulae, we identified a region in Sagittarius containing several candidate Supernova Remnants and obtained deep optical narrow-band images and spectra to explore their nature. The images of the unstudied area have been obtained in the light of Halpha+[N II], [S II] and [O III]. The resulting mosaic covers an area of 1.4x1.0 deg^2 where filamentary and diffuse emission was discovered, suggesting the existence of more than one supernova remnants (SNRs) in the area. Deep long slit spectra were also taken of eight different regions. Both the flux calibrated images and the spectra show that the emission from the filamentary structures originates from shock-heated gas, while the photo-ionization mechanism is responsible for the diffuse emission. Part of the optical emission is found to be correlated with the radio at 4850 MHz suggesting their association, while the WISE infrared emission found in the area at 12 and 22 micron marginally correlates with the optical. The presence of the [O III] emission line in one of the candidate SNRs suggests shock velocities into the interstellar clouds between 120 and 200 km/s, while the absence in the other indicates slower shock velocities. For all candidate remnants the [S II] 6716/6731 ratio indicates electron densities below 240 cm^{-3}, while the Halpha emission has been measured to be between 0.6 to 41x10^{-17} erg/s/cm^2/arcsec^2. The existence of eight pulsars within 1.5deg away from the center of the candidate SNRs also supports the scenario of many SNRs in the area as well as that the detected optical emission could be part of a number of supernovae explosions.
We present a new catalogue of radio sources in the face-on spiral galaxy M83. Radio observations taken in 2011, 2015, and 2017 with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) at 5.5 and 9 GHz have detected 270 radio sources. Although a small number of these sources are background extragalactic sources, most are either H II regions or supernova remnants (SNRs) within M83 itself. Three of the six historical supernovae are detected, as is the very young remnant that had been identified in a recent study, which is likely the result of a supernova that exploded in the last ~100 years but was missed. All of these objects are generally fading with time. Confusion limits our ability to measure the radio emission from a number of the SNRs in M83, but 64 were detected in unconfused regions, and these have the approximate power-law luminosity function which has been observed in other galaxies. The SNRs in M83 are systematically smaller in diameter and brighter than those that have been detected at radio wavelengths in M33. A number of the radio sources are coincident with X-ray sources in M83; most of these coincident sources turn out to be supernova remnants. Our dual frequency observations are among the most sensitive to date for a spiral galaxy outside the Local Group; despite this we were not able to place realistic constraints on the spectral indices, and as a result, it was not possible to search for supernova remnants based on their radio properties alone.
Using a combination of ground-based and HST imaging, we have constructed a catalog of 179 supernova remnants (SNRs) and SNR candidates in the nearby spiral galaxy M51. Follow-up spectroscopy of 66 of the candidates confirms 61 of these as SNRs, and suggests that the vast majority of the unobserved objects are SNRs as well. A total of 55 of the candidates are coincident with (mostly soft) X-ray sources identified in deep Chandra observations of M51; searching the positions of other soft X-ray sources resulted in several additional possible optical candidates. There are 16 objects in the catalog coincident with known radio sources. None of the sources with spectra shows the high velocities (>500 km/s) characteristic of young, ejecta-dominated SNRs like Cas A; instead, most if not all appear to be middle-aged SNRs. The general properties of the SNRs, size distribution and spectral characteristics, resemble those in other nearby spiral galaxies, notably M33, M83, and NGC6946, where similar samples exist. However, the spectroscopically observed [N II]:H{alpha} ratios appear to be significantly higher than in any of these other galaxies. Although we have explored various ideas to explain the high ratios in M51, none of the explanations appears to be satisfactory.
We search for far-infrared (FIR) counterparts of known supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Galactic plane (10 deg <| l |< 60 deg) at 70-500 micron using the Herschel Infrared Galactic Plane Survey (Hi-GAL). Of 71 sources studied, we find that 29 (41 per cent) SNRs have a clear FIR detection of dust emission associated with the SNR. Dust from 8 of these is in the central region, and 4 indicate pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) heated ejecta dust. A further 23 have dust emission in the outer shell structures which is potentially related to swept up material. Many Galactic SNe have dust signatures but we are biased towards detecting ejecta dust in young remnants and those with a heating source (shock or PWN). We estimate the dust temperature and mass contained within three PWNe, G11.2-0.3, G21.5-0.9, and G29.7-0.3 using modified blackbody fits. To more rigorously analyse the dust properties at various temperatures and dust emissivity index beta, we use point process mapping (PPMAP). We find significant quantities of cool dust (at 20-40 K) with dust masses of Md = 0.34 +/- 0.14 solar mass, Md = 0.29 +/- 0.08 solar mass, and Md = 0.51 +/- 0.13 solar mass for G11.2-0.3, G21.5-0.9, and G29.7-0.3 respectively. We derive the dust emissivity index for the PWN ejecta dust in G21.5-0.3 to be beta = 1.4 +/- 0.5 compared to dust in the surrounding medium where beta = 1.8 +/- 0.1.
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