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Biquandle brackets are a type of quantum enhancement of the biquandle counting invariant for oriented knots and links, defined by a set of skein relations with coefficients which are functions of biquandle colors at a crossing. In this paper we use biquandle brackets to enhance the biquandle counting matrix invariant defined by the first two authors in arXiv:1803.11308. We provide examples to illustrate the method of calcuation and to show that the new invariants are stronger than the previous ones.
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Biquandle brackets define invariants of classical and virtual knots and links using skein invariants of biquandle-colored knots and links. Biquandle coloring quivers categorify the biquandle counting invariant in the sense of defining quiver-valued enhancements which decategorify to the counting invariant. In this paper we unite the two ideas to define biquandle bracket quivers, providing new categorifications of biquandle brackets. In particular, our construction provides an infinite family of categorifications of the Jones polynomial and other classical skein invariants.
In this paper, we construct quantum invariants for knotoid diagrams in $mathbb{R}^2$. The diagrams are arranged with respect to a given direction in the plane ({it Morse knotoids}). A Morse knotoid diagram can be decomposed into basic elementary diagrams each of which is associated to a matrix that yields solutions of the quantum Yang-Baxter equation. We recover the bracket polynomial, and define the rotational bracket polynomial, the binary bracket polynomial, the Alexander polynomial, the generalized Alexander polynomial and an infinity of specializations of the Homflypt polynomial for Morse knotoids via quantum state sum models.
By using double branched covers, we prove that there is a 1-1 correspondence between the set of knotoids in the 2-sphere, up to orientation reversion and rotation, and knots with a strong inversion, up to conjugacy. This correspondence allows us to study knotoids through tools and invariants coming from knot theory. In particular, concepts from geometrisation generalise to knotoids, allowing us to characterise invertibility and other properties in the hyperbolic case. Moreover, with our construction we are able to detect both the trivial knotoid in the 2-sphere and the trivial planar knotoid.
We extend the theory of Vassiliev (or finite type) invariants for knots to knotoids using two different approaches. Firstly, we take closures on knotoids to obtain knots and we use the Vassiliev invariants for knots, proving that these are knotoid isotopy invariant. Secondly, we define finite type invariants directly on knotoids, by extending knotoid invariants to singular knotoid invariants via the Vassiliev skein relation. Then, for spherical knotoids we show that there are non-trivial type-1 invariants, in contrast with classical knot theory where type-1 invariants vanish. We give a complete theory of type-1 invariants for spherical knotoids, by classifying linear chord diagrams of order one, and we present examples arising from the affine index polynomial and the extended bracket polynomial.
We introduce textit{Kaestner brackets}, a generalization of biquandle brackets to the case of parity biquandles. This infinite set of quantum enhancements of the biquandle counting invariant for oriented virtual knots and links includes the classical quantum invariants, the quandle and biquandle $2$-cocycle invariants and the classical biquandle brackets as special cases, coinciding with them for oriented classical knots and links but defining generally stronger invariants for oriented virtual knots and links. We provide examples to illustrate the computation of the new invariant and to show that it is stronger than the classical biquandle bracket invariant for virtual knots.
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