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Register a new userA general perturbative approach for bead-based microswimmers reveals rich self-propulsion phenomena
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Studies of model microswimmers have significantly contributed to the understanding of the principles of self-propulsion we have today. However, only a small number of microswimmer types have been amenable to analytic modeling, and further development of such approaches is necessary to identify the key features of these active systems. Here we present a general perturbative calculation scheme for swimmers composed of beads interacting by harmonic potentials, driven by an arbitrary force protocol. The hydrodynamic interactions are treated using the Oseen and Rotne-Pragner approximations. We validate our approach by using 3 bead assemblies and comparing the results with the numerically obtained full-solutions of the governing equations of motion, as well as with the existing analytic models for a linear and a triangular swimmer geometries. While recovering the relation between the force and swimming velocity, our detailed analysis and the controlled level of approximation allow us to find qualitative differences already in the far field flow of the devices. Consequently, we are able to identify a behavior of the swimmer that is richer than predicted in previous models. Given its generality, the framework can be applied to any swimmer geometry, driving protocol and beads interactions, as well as in many swimmers problems.
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The design of artificial microswimmers is often inspired by the strategies of natural microorganisms. Many of these creatures exploit the fact that elasticity breaks the time-reversal symmetry of motion at low Reynolds numbers, but this principle has been notably absent from model systems of active, self-propelled microswimmers. Here we introduce a class of microswimmer that spontaneously self-assembles and swims without using external forces, driven instead by surface phase transitions induced by temperature variations. The swimmers are made from alkane droplets dispersed in aqueous surfactant solution, which start to self-propel upon cooling, pushed by rapidly growing thin elastic tails. When heated, the same droplets recharge by retracting their tails, swimming for up to tens of minutes in each cycle. Thermal oscillations of approximately 5 degrees Celsius induce the swimmers to harness heat from the environment and recharge multiple times. We develop a detailed elastohydrodynamic model of these processes and highlight the molecular mechanisms involved. The system offers a convenient platform for examining symmetry breaking in the motion of swimmers exploiting flagellar elasticity. The mild conditions and biocompatible media render these microswimmers potential probes for studying biological propulsion and interactions between artificial and biological swimmers.
Many textbooks dealing with surface tension favor the thermodynamic approach (minimization of some thermodynamic potential such as free energy) over the mechanical approach (balance of forces) to describe capillary phenomena, stating that the latter is flawed and misleading. Yet, mechanical approach is more intuitive for students than free energy minimization, and does not require any knowledge of thermodynamics. In this paper we show that capillary phenomena can be unmistakably described using the mechanical approach, as long as the system on which the forces act is properly defined. After reminding the microscopic origin of a tangential tensile force at the interface, we derive the Young-Dupr{e} equation, emphasizing that this relation should be interpreted as an interface condition at the contact line, rather than a force balance equation. This correct interpretation avoids misidentification of capillary forces acting on a given system. Moreover, we show that a reliable method to correctly identify the acting forces is to define a control volume that does not embed any contact line on its surface. Finally, as an illustration of this method, we apply the mechanical approach in a variety of ways on a classic example: the derivation of the equilibrium height of capillary rise (Jurins law).
With the continuing rapid development of artificial microrobots and active particles, questions of microswimmer guidance and control are becoming ever more relevant and prevalent. In both the applications and theoretical study of such microscale swimmers, control is often mediated by an engineered property of the swimmer, such as in the case of magnetically propelled microrobots. In this work, we will consider a modality of control that is applicable in more generality, effecting guidance via modulation of a background fluid flow. Here, considering a model swimmer in a commonplace flow and simple geometry, we analyse and subsequently establish the efficacy of flow-mediated microswimmer positional control, later touching upon a question of optimal control. Moving beyond idealised notions of controllability and towards considerations of practical utility, we then evaluate the robustness of this control modality to sources of variation that may be present in applications, examining in particular the effects of measurement inaccuracy and rotational noise. This exploration gives rise to a number of cautionary observations, which, overall, demonstrate the need for the careful assessment of both policy and behavioural robustness when designing control schemes for use in practice.
The interaction between swimming microorganisms or artificial self-propelled colloids and passive (tracer) particles in a fluid leads to enhanced diffusion of the tracers. This enhancement has attracted strong interest, as it could lead to new strategies to tackle the difficult problem of mixing on a microfluidic scale. Most of the theoretical work on this topic has focused on hydrodynamic interactions between the tracers and swimmers in a bulk fluid. However, in simulations, periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are often imposed on the sample and the fluid. Here, we theoretically analyze the effect of PBCs on the hydrodynamic interactions between tracer particles and microswimmers. We formulate an Ewald sum for the leading-order stresslet singularity produced by a swimmer to probe the effect of PBCs on tracer trajectories. We find that introducing periodicity into the system has a surprisingly significant effect, even for relatively small swimmer-tracer separations. We also find that the bulk limit is only reached for very large system sizes, which are challenging to simulate with most hydrodynamic solvers.
Microswimmers (planktonic microorganisms or artificial active particles) immersed in a fluid interact with the ambient flow, altering their trajectories. By modelling anisotropic microswimmers as spheroidal bodies with an intrinsic swimming velocity that supplements advection and reorientation by the flow, we investigate how shape and swimming affect the trajectories of microswimmers in surface gravity waves. The coupling between flow-induced reorientations and swimming introduces a shape dependency to the vertical transport. We show that each trajectory is bounded by critical planes in the position-orientation phase space that depend only on the shape. We also give explicit solutions to these trajectories and determine whether microswimmers that begin within the water column eventually hit the free surface. We find that it is possible for microswimmers to be initially swimming downwards, but to recover and head back to the surface. For microswimmers that are initially randomly oriented, the fraction that hit the free surface is a strong function of shape and starting depth, and a weak function of swimming speed.
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