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Register a new userFossil group origins X. Velocity segregation in fossil systems
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We want to study how the velocity segregation and the radial profile of the velocity dispersion depend on the prominence of the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). We divide a sample of 102 clusters and groups of galaxies into four bins of magnitude gap between the two brightest cluster members. We then compute the velocity segregation in bins of absolute and relative magnitudes. Moreover, for each bin of magnitude gap we compute the radial profile of the velocity dispersion. When using absolute magnitudes, the segregation in velocity is limited to the two brightest bins and no significant difference is found for different magnitude gaps. However, when we use relative magnitudes, a trend appears in the brightest bin: the larger the magnitude gap, the larger the velocity segregation. We also show that this trend is mainly due to the presence, in the brightest bin, of satellite galaxies in systems with small magnitude gaps: in fact, if we study separately central galaxies and satellites, this trend is mitigated and central galaxies are more segregated than satellites for any magnitude gap. A similar result is found in the radial velocity dispersion profiles: a trend is visible in central regions (where the BCGs dominate) but, if we analyse the profile using satellites alone, the trend disappears. In the latter case, the shape of the velocity dispersion profile in the centre of systems with different magnitude gaps show three types of behaviours: systems with the smallest magnitude gaps have an almost flat profile from the centre to the external regions; systems with the largest magnitude gaps show a monothonical growth from the low values of the central part to the flat ones in the external regions; finally, systems with $1.0 < Delta m_{12} le 1.5$ show a profile that peaks in the centres and then decreases towards the external regions. We suggest that two mechanisms could be respons....
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We aim to study how the orbits of galaxies in clusters depend on the prominence of the corresponding central galaxies. We divided our data set of $sim$ 100 clusters and groups into four samples based on their magnitude gap between the two brightest members, $Delta m_{12}$. We then stacked all the systems in each sample, in order to create four stacked clusters, and derive the mass and velocity anisotropy profiles for the four groups of clusters using the MAMPOSSt procedure. Once the mass profile is known, we also obtain the (non parametric) velocity anisotropy profile via the inversion of the Jeans equation. In systems with the largest $Delta m_{12}$, galaxy orbits are prevalently radial, except near the centre, where orbits are isotropic (or tangential when also the central galaxies are considered in the analysis). In the other three samples with smaller $Delta m_{12}$, galaxy orbits are isotropic or only mildly radial. Our study supports the results of numerical simulations that identify radial orbits of galaxies as the cause of an increasing $Delta m_{12}$ in groups.
Fossil groups (FGs) are galaxy aggregates with an extended and luminous X-ray halo, which are dominated by a very massive early-type galaxy and lack of L* objects. FGs are indeed characterized by a large magnitude gap between their central and surrounding galaxies. This is explained by either speculating that FGs are failed groups that formed without bright satellite galaxies and did not suffer any major merger, or by suggesting that FGs are very old systems that had enough time to exhaust their bright satellite galaxies through multiple major mergers. Since major mergers leave signatures in the stellar populations of the resulting galaxy, we study the stellar population parameters of the brightest central galaxies (BCGs) of FGs as a benchmark against which the formation and evolution scenarios of FGs can be compared. We present long-slit spectroscopic observations along different axes of NGC 6482 and NGC 7556, which are the BCGs of two nearby FGs. The measurements include spatially resolved stellar kinematics and radial profiles of line-strength indices, which we converted into stellar population parameters using single stellar-population models. NGC 6482 and NGC 7556 are very massive and large galaxies and host a centrally concentrated stellar population, which is significantly younger and more metal rich than the rest of the galaxy. The age gradients of both galaxies are somewhat larger than those of the other FG BCGs studied so far, whereas their metallicity gradients are similarly negative and shallow. They have negligible gradients of alpha-element abundance ratio. The measured metallicity gradients are less steep than those predicted for massive galaxies that formed monolithically and evolved without experiencing any major merger. We conclude that the observed FGs formed through major mergers rather than being failed groups that lacked bright satellite galaxies from the beginning.
(Abridged) Fossil systems are group- or cluster-sized objects whose luminosity is dominated by a very massive central galaxy. In the current cold dark matter scenario, these objects formed hierarchically at an early epoch of the Universe and then slowly evolved until present day. That is the reason why they are called {it fossils}. We started an extensive observational program to characterize a sample of 34 fossil group candidates spanning a broad range of physical properties. Deep $r-$band images were taken for each candidate and optical spectroscopic observations were obtained for $sim$ 1200 galaxies. This new dataset was completed with SDSS DR7 archival data to obtain robust cluster membership and global properties of each fossil group candidate. For each system, we recomputed the magnitude gaps between the two brightest galaxies ($Delta m_{12}$) and the first and fourth ranked galaxies ($Delta m_{14}$) within 0.5 $R_{{rm 200}}$. We consider fossil systems those with $Delta m_{12} ge 2$ mag or $Delta m_{14} ge 2.5$ mag within the errors. We find that 15 candidates turned out to be fossil systems. Their observational properties agree with those of non-fossil systems. Both follow the same correlations, but fossils are always extreme cases. In particular, they host the brightest central galaxies and the fraction of total galaxy light enclosed in the central galaxy is larger in fossil than in non-fossil systems. Finally, we confirm the existence of genuine fossil clusters. Combining our results with others in the literature, we favor the merging scenario in which fossil systems formed due to mergers of $L^ast$ galaxies. The large magnitude gap is a consequence of the extreme merger ratio within fossil systems and therefore it is an evolutionary effect. Moreover, we suggest that at least one candidate in our sample could represent a transitional fossil stage.
Fossil galaxy systems are classically thought to be the end result of galaxy group/cluster evolution, as galaxies experiencing dynamical friction sink to the center of the group potential and merge into a single, giant elliptical that dominates the rest of the members in both mass and luminosity. Most fossil systems discovered lie within $z < 0.2$, which leads to the question: what were these systems progenitors? Such progenitors are expected to have imminent or ongoing major merging near the brightest group galaxy (BGG) that, when concluded, will meet the fossil criteria within the look back time. Since strong gravitational lensing preferentially selects groups merging along the line of sight, or systems with a high mass concentration like fossil systems, we searched the CASSOWARY survey of strong lensing events with the goal of determining if lensing systems have any predisposition to being fossil systems or progenitors. We find that $sim$13% of lensing groups are identified as traditional fossils while only $sim$3% of non-lensing control groups are. We also find that $sim$23% of lensing systems are traditional fossil progenitors compared to $sim$17% for the control sample. Our findings show that strong lensing systems are more likely to be fossil/pre-fossil systems than comparable non-lensing systems. Cumulative galaxy luminosity functions of the lensing and non-lensing groups also indicate a possible, fundamental difference between strong lensing and non-lensing systems galaxy populations with lensing systems housing a greater number of bright galaxies even in the outskirts of groups.
We have analyzed the Chandra archival data of NGC 1132, a well-known fossil group, i.e. a system expected to be old and relaxed long after the giant elliptical galaxy assembly. Instead, the Chandra data reveal that the hot gas morphology is disturbed and asymmetrical, with a cold front following a possible bow shock. We discuss possible origins of the disturbed hot halo, including sloshing by a nearby object, merger, ram pressure by external hotter gas and nuclear outburst. We consider that the first two mechanisms are likely explanations for the disturbed hot halo, with a slight preference for a minor merger with a low impact parameter because of the match with simulations and previous optical observations. In this case, NGC 1132 may be a rare example of unusual late mergers seen in recent simulations. Regardless of the origin of the disturbed hot halo, the paradigm of the fossil system needs to be reconsidered.
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