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Register a new userOn the multiloop soft theorem of the dilaton in the bosonic string
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In this note we show that by fixing the multiloop Green function in the closed bosonic string to be Arakelovs Green function, one obtains factorization of scattering amplitudes with a softly emitted dilaton to the same level as with a graviton to all loop order. This extends our previous analysis at one loop to all loop orders and confirms that some high-energy quantum symmetry in the bosonic string protects the factorization of amplitudes with softly emitted dilatons.
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We construct, in the closed bosonic string, the multiloop amplitude involving $N$ tachyons and one massless particle with $26 -D$ compactified directions, and we show that at least for $D>4$, the soft behaviors of the graviton and dilaton satisfy the same soft theorems as at the tree level, up to one additional term at the subsubleading order, which can only contribute to the dilaton soft behavior and which we show is zero at least at one loop. This is possible, since the infrared divergences due to the non-vanishing tachyon and dilaton tadpoles do not depend on the number of external particles and are therefore the same both in the amplitude with the soft particle and in the amplitude without the soft particle. Therefore this leaves unchanged the soft operator acting on the amplitude without the soft particle. The additional infrared divergence appearing for $D leq 4$ depend on the number of external legs and must be understood on their own.
Starting from the amplitude with an arbitrary number of massless closed states of the bosonic string, we compute the soft limit when one of the states becomes soft to subsubleading order in the soft momentum expansion, and we show that when the soft state is a graviton or a dilaton, the full string amplitude can be expressed as a soft theorem through subsubleading order. It turns out that there are string corrections to the field theoretical limit in the case of a soft graviton, while for a soft dilaton the string corrections vanish. We then show that the new soft theorems, including the string corrections, can be simply obtained from the exchange diagrams where the soft state is attached to the other external states through the three-point string vertex of three massless states. In the soft-limit, the propagator of the exchanged state is divergent, and at tree-level these are the only divergent contributions to the full amplitude. However, they do not form a gauge invariant subset and must be supplemented with extra non-singular terms. The requirement of gauge invariance then fixes the complete amplitude through subsubleading order in the soft expansion, reproducing exactly what one gets from the explicit calculation in string theory. From this it is seen that the string corrections at subsubleading order arise as a consequence of the three-point amplitude having string corrections in the bosonic string. When specialized to a soft dilaton, it remarkably turns out that the string corrections vanish and that the non-singular piece of the subsubleading term of the dilaton soft theorem is the generator of space-time special conformal transformation.
We study the multiloop amplitudes of the light-cone gauge closed bosonic string field theory for $d eq 26$. We show that the amplitudes can be recast into a BRST invariant form by adding a nonstandard worldsheet theory for the longitudinal variables $X^{pm}$ and the reparametrization ghost system. The results obtained in this paper for bosonic strings provide a first step towards the examination whether the dimensional regularization works for the multiloop amplitudes of the light-cone gauge superstring field theory.
In theories of Einstein gravity coupled with a dilaton and a two-form, a soft theorem for the two-form, known as the Kalb-Ramond B-field, has so far been missing. In this work we fill the gap, and in turn formulate a unified soft theorem valid for gravitons, dilatons and B-fields in any tree-level scattering amplitude involving the three massless states. The new soft theorem is fixed by means of on-shell gauge invariance and enters at the subleading order of the gravitons soft theorem. In contrast to the subsubleading soft behavior of gravitons and dilatons, we show that the soft behavior of B-fields at this order cannot be fully fixed by gauge invariance. Nevertheless, we show that it is possible to establish a gauge invariant decomposition of the amplitudes to any order in the soft expansion. We check explicitly the new soft theorem in the bosonic string and in Type II superstring theories, and furthermore demonstrate that, at the next order in the soft expansion, totally gauge invariant terms appear in both string theories which cannot be factorized into a soft theorem.
Two-dimensional fermionic string theory is shown to have a structure of topological model, which is isomorphic to a tensor product of two topological ghost systems independent of each other. One of them is identified with $c=1$ bosonic string theory while the other has trivial physical contents. This fact enables us to regard two-dimensional fermionic string theory as an embedding of $c=1$ bosonic string theory in the moduli space of fermionic string theories. Upon this embedding, the discrete states of $c=1$ string theory are mapped to those of fermionic string theory, which is considered to be the origin of the similarity between the physical spectra of these two theories. We also discuss a novel BRST operator associated with this topological structure.
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