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Register a new userSystem Misuse Detection via Informed Behavior Clustering and Modeling
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Linara Adilova
Publication date
2019
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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One of the main tasks of cybersecurity is recognizing malicious interactions with an arbitrary system. Currently, the logging information from each interaction can be collected in almost unrestricted amounts, but identification of attacks requires a lot of effort and time of security experts. We propose an approach for identifying fraud activity through modeling normal behavior in interactions with a system via machine learning methods, in particular LSTM neural networks. In order to enrich the modeling with system specific knowledge, we propose to use an interactive visual interface that allows security experts to identify semantically meaningful clusters of interactions. These clusters incorporate domain knowledge and lead to more precise behavior modeling via informed machine learning. We evaluate the proposed approach on a dataset containing logs of interactions with an administrative interface of login and security server. Our empirical results indicate that the informed modeling is capable of capturing normal behavior, which can then be used to detect abnormal behavior.
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Novelty detection in discrete sequences is a challenging task, since deviations from the process generating the normal data are often small or intentionally hidden. Novelties can be detected by modeling normal sequences and measuring the deviations of a new sequence from the model predictions. However, in many applications data is generated by several distinct processes so that models trained on all the data tend to over-generalize and novelties remain undetected. We propose to approach this challenge through decomposition: by clustering the data we break down the problem, obtaining simpler modeling task in each cluster which can be modeled more accurately. However, this comes at a trade-off, since the amount of training data per cluster is reduced. This is a particular problem for discrete sequences where state-of-the-art models are data-hungry. The success of this approach thus depends on the quality of the clustering, i.e., whether the individual learning problems are sufficiently simpler than the joint problem. While clustering discrete sequences automatically is a challenging and domain-specific task, it is often easy for human domain experts, given the right tools. In this paper, we adapt a state-of-the-art visual analytics tool for discrete sequence clustering to obtain informed clusters from domain experts and use LSTMs to model each cluster individually. Our extensive empirical evaluation indicates that this informed clustering outperforms automatic ones and that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art novelty detection methods for discrete sequences in three real-world application scenarios. In particular, decomposition outperforms a global model despite less training data on each individual cluster.
The contextual information (i.e., the time and location) in which a photo is taken can be easily tampered with or falsely claimed by forgers to achieve malicious purposes, e.g., creating fear among the general public. A rich body of work has focused on detecting photo tampering and manipulation by verifying the integrity of image content. Instead, we aim to detect photo misuse by verifying the capture time and location of photos. This paper is motivated by the law of nature that sun position varies with the time and location, which can be used to determine whether the claimed contextual information corresponds with the sun position that the image content actually indicates. Prior approaches to inferring sun position from images mainly rely on vanishing points associated with at least two shadows, while we propose novel algorithms which utilize only one shadow in the image to infer the sun position. Meanwhile, we compute the sun position by applying astronomical algorithms which take as input the claimed capture time and location. Only when the two estimated sun positions are consistent can the claimed contextual information be genuine. We have developed a prototype called IMAGEGUARD. The experimental results show that our method can successfully estimate sun position and detect the time-location inconsistency with high accuracy. By setting the thresholds to be 9.4 degrees and 5 degrees for the sun position distance and the altitude angle distance, respectively, our system can correctly identify 91.5% of falsified photos with fake contextual information.
The correct use of cryptography is central to ensuring data security in modern software systems. Hence, several academic and commercial static analysis tools have been developed for detecting and mitigating crypto-API misuse. While developers are optimistically adopting these crypto-API misuse detectors (or crypto-detectors) in their software development cycles, this momentum must be accompanied by a rigorous understanding of their effectiveness at finding crypto-API misuse in practice. This paper presents the MASC framework, which enables a systematic and data-driven evaluation of crypto-detectors using mutation testing. We ground MASC in a comprehensive view of the problem space by developing a data-driven taxonomy of existing crypto-API misuse, containing $105$ misuse cases organized among nine semantic clusters. We develop $12$ generalizable usage-based mutation operators and three mutation scopes that can expressively instantiate thousands of compilable variants of the misuse cases for thoroughly evaluating crypto-detectors. Using MASC, we evaluate nine major crypto-detectors and discover $19$ unique, undocumented flaws that severely impact the ability of crypto-detectors to discover misuses in practice. We conclude with a discussion on the diverse perspectives that influence the design of crypto-detectors and future directions towards building security-focused crypto-detectors by design.
The rapid development of the Internet and smart devices trigger surge in network traffic making its infrastructure more complex and heterogeneous. The predominated usage of mobile phones, wearable devices and autonomous vehicles are examples of distributed networks which generate huge amount of data each and every day. The computational power of these devices have also seen steady progression which has created the need to transmit information, store data locally and drive network computations towards edge devices. Intrusion detection systems play a significant role in ensuring security and privacy of such devices. Machine Learning and Deep Learning with Intrusion Detection Systems have gained great momentum due to their achievement of high classification accuracy. However the privacy and security aspects potentially gets jeopardised due to the need of storing and communicating data to centralized server. On the contrary, federated learning (FL) fits in appropriately as a privacy-preserving decentralized learning technique that does not transfer data but trains models locally and transfers the parameters to the centralized server. The present paper aims to present an extensive and exhaustive review on the use of FL in intrusion detection system. In order to establish the need for FL, various types of IDS, relevant ML approaches and its associated issues are discussed. The paper presents detailed overview of the implementation of FL in various aspects of anomaly detection. The allied challenges of FL implementations are also identified which provides idea on the scope of future direction of research. The paper finally presents the plausible solutions associated with the identified challenges in FL based intrusion detection system implementation acting as a baseline for prospective research.
Adversarial robustness of deep models is pivotal in ensuring safe deployment in real world settings, but most modern defenses have narrow scope and expensive costs. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised method to detect adversarial attacks and classify them to their respective threat models, based on a linear model operating on the embeddings from a pre-trained self-supervised encoder. We use a SimCLR encoder in our experiments, since we show the SimCLR embedding distance is a good proxy for human perceptibility, enabling it to encapsulate many threat models at once. We call our method SimCat since it uses SimCLR encoder to catch and categorize various types of adversarial attacks, including L_p and non-L_p evasion attacks, as well as data poisonings. The simple nature of a linear classifier makes our method efficient in both time and sample complexity. For example, on SVHN, using only five pairs of clean and adversarial examples computed with a PGD-L_inf attack, SimCats detection accuracy is over 85%. Moreover, on ImageNet, using only 25 examples from each threat model, SimCat can classify eight different attack types such as PGD-L_2, PGD-L_inf, CW-L_2, PPGD, LPA, StAdv, ReColor, and JPEG-L_inf, with over 40% accuracy. On STL10 data, we apply SimCat as a defense against poisoning attacks, such as BP, CP, FC, CLBD, HTBD, halving the success rate while using only twenty total poisons for training. We find that the detectors generalize well to unseen threat models. Lastly, we investigate the performance of our detection method under adaptive attacks and further boost its robustness against such attacks via adversarial training.
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