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Register a new userA new estimator for gravitational lensing using galaxy and intensity mapping surveys
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We introduce the Galaxy Intensity Mapping cross-COrrelation estimator (GIMCO), which is a new tomographic estimator for the gravitational lensing potential, based on a combination of intensity mapping (IM) and galaxy number counts. The estimator can be written schematically as IM$(z_f)times$galaxy$(z_b)$ $-$ galaxy$(z_f)times$IM$(z_b)$ for a pair of distinct redshifts $(z_f,z_b)$; this combination allows to greatly reduce the contamination by density-density correlations, thus isolating the lensing signal. As an estimator constructed only from cross-correlations, it is additionally less susceptible to systematic effects. We show that the new estimator strongly suppresses cosmic variance and consequently improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the detection of lensing, especially on linear scales and intermediate redshifts. %This makes it particularly valuable for future studies of dark energy and modified gravity. For cosmic variance dominated surveys, the SNR of our estimator is a factor 30 larger than the SNR obtained from the correlation of galaxy number counts only. Shot noise and interferometer noise reduce the SNR. For the specific example of the Dark Energy Survey (DES) cross-correlated with the Hydrogen Intensity mapping and Real time Analysis eXperiment (HIRAX), the SNR is around 4, whereas for Euclid cross-correlated with HIRAX it reaches 52. This corresponds to an improvement of a factor 4-5 compared to the SNR from DES alone. For Euclid cross-correlated with HIRAX the improvement with respect to Euclid alone strongly depends on the redshift. We find that the improvement is particularly important for redshifts below 1.6, where it reaches a factor of 5. This makes our estimator especially valuable to test dark energy and modified gravity, that are expected to leave an impact at low and intermediate redshifts.
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We explore the potential of using intensity mapping surveys (MeerKAT, SKA) and optical galaxy surveys (DES, LSST) to detect HI clustering and weak gravitational lensing of 21cm emission in auto- and cross-correlation. Our forecasts show that high precision measurements of the clustering and lensing signals can be made in the near future using the intensity mapping technique. Such studies can be used to test the intensity mapping method, and constrain parameters such as the HI density $Omega_{rm HI}$, the HI bias $b_{rm HI}$ and the galaxy-HI correlation coefficient $r_{rm HI-g}$.
Measuring the two-point correlation function of the galaxies in the Universe gives access to the underlying dark matter distribution, which is related to cosmological parameters and to the physics of the primordial Universe. The estimation of the correlation function for current galaxy surveys makes use of the Landy-Szalay estimator, which is supposed to reach minimal variance. This is only true, however, for a vanishing correlation function. We study the Landy-Szalay estimator when these conditions are not fulfilled and propose a new estimator that provides the smallest variance for a given survey geometry. Our estimator is a linear combination of ratios between paircounts of data and/or random catalogues (DD, RR and DR). The optimal combination for a given geometry is determined by using lognormal mock catalogues. The resulting estimator is biased in a model-dependent way, but we propose a simple iterative procedure for obtaining an unbiased model- independent estimator.Our method can be easily applied to any dataset and requires few extra mock catalogues compared to the standard Landy-Szalay analysis. Using various sets of simulated data (lognormal, second-order LPT and N-Body), we obtain a 20-25% gain on the error bars on the two-point correlation function for the SDSS geometry and $Lambda$CDM correlation function. When applied to SDSS data (DR7 and DR9), we achieve a similar gain on the correlation functions, which translates into a 10-15% improvement over the estimation of the densities of matter $Omega_m$ and dark energy $Omega_Lambda$ in an open $Lambda$CDM model. The constraints derived from DR7 data with our estimator are similar to those obtained with the DR9 data and the Landy-Szalay estimator, which covers a volume twice as large and has a density that is three times higher.
We forecast constraints on neutral hydrogen (HI) and cosmological parameters using near-term intensity mapping surveys with instruments such as BINGO, MeerKAT, and the SKA, and Stage III and IV optical galaxy surveys. If foregrounds and systematic effects can be controlled - a problem which becomes much easier in cross-correlation - these surveys will provide exquisite measurements of the HI density and bias, as well as measurements of the growth of structure, the angular diameter distance, and the Hubble rate, over a wide range of redshift. We also investigate the possibility of detecting the late time ISW effect using the Planck satellite and forthcoming intensity mapping surveys, finding that a large sky survey with Phase 1 of the SKA can achieve a near optimal detection.
Strong gravitational lensing along with the distance sum rule method can constrain both cosmological parameters as well as density profiles of galaxies without assuming any fiducial cosmological model. To constrain galaxy parameters and cosmic curvature $(Omega_{k0})$, we use the distance ratio data from a recently compiled database of $161$ galactic scale strong lensing systems. We use databases of supernovae type-Ia (Pantheon) and Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) for calculating the luminosity distance. To study the model of the lens galaxy, we consider a general lens model namely, the Extended Power-Law model. Further, we take into account two different parametrisations of the mass density power-law index $(gamma)$ to study the dependence of $gamma$ on redshift. The best value of $Omega_{k0}$ suggests a closed universe, though a flat universe is accommodated at $68%$ confidence level. We find that parametrisations of $gamma$ have a negligible impact on the best fit value of the cosmic curvature parameter. Furthermore, measurement of time delay can be a promising cosmographic probe via time delay distance that includes the ratio of distances between the observer, the lens and the source. We again use the distance sum rule method with time-delay distance dataset of H0LiCOW to put constraints on the Cosmic Distance Duality Relation (CDDR) and the cosmic curvature parameter $(Omega_{k0})$. For this we consider two different redshift-dependent parametrisations of the distance duality parameter $(eta)$. The best fit value of $Omega_{k0}$ clearly indicates an open universe. However, a flat universe can be accommodated at $95%$ confidence level. Further, at $95%$ confidence level, no violation of CDDR is observed. We believe that a larger sample of strong gravitational lensing systems is needed in order to improve the constraints on the cosmic curvature and distance duality parameter.
The shapes of galaxies can be quantified by ratios of their quadrupole moments. For faint galaxies, observational noise can make the denominator close to zero, so the ratios become ill-defined. Knowledge of these ratios (i.e. their measured standard deviation) is commonly used to assess the efficiency of weak gravitational lensing surveys. Since the requirements cannot be formally tested for faint galaxies, we explore two complementary mitigation strategies. In many weak lensing contexts, the most problematic sources can be removed by a cut in measured size. We investigate how a size cuts affects the required precision of the charge transfer inefficiency model and find slightly wider tolerance margins compared to the full size distribution. However, subtle biases in the data analysis chain may be introduced. Instead, as our second strategy, we propose requirements directly on the quadrupole moments themselves. To optimally exploit a Stage-IV dark energy survey, we find that the mean and standard deviation of a population of galaxies quadrupole moments must to be known to better than $1.4times10^{-3}$ arcsec$^{2}$, or the Stokes parameters to $1.9times10^{-3}$ arcsec$^2$. This testable requirement can now form the basis for future performance validation, or for proportioning the requirements between subsystems to ensure unbiased cosmological parameter inference.
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