We classify all positive n-particle N^kMHV Yangian invariants in N=4 Yang-Mills theory with n=5k, which we call extremal because none exist for n>5k. We show that this problem is equivalent to that of enumerating plane cactus graphs with k pentagons. We use the known solution of that problem to provide an exact expression for the number of cyclic classes of such invariants for any k, and a simple rule for writing them down explicitly. As a byproduct, we provide an alternative (but equivalent) classification by showing that a product of k five-brackets with disjoint sets of indices is a positive Yangian invariant if and only if the sets are all weakly separated.
We classify the rational Yangian invariants of the $m=2$ toy model of $mathcal{N}=4$ Yang-Mills theory in terms of generalised triangles inside the amplituhedron $mathcal{A}_{n,k}^{(2)}$. We enumerate and provide an explicit formula for all invariants for any number of particles $n$ and any helicity degree $k$. Each invariant manifestly satisfies cluster adjacency with respect to the $Gr(2,n)$ cluster algebra.
We conjecture that every rational Yangian invariant in N=4 SYM theory satisfies a recently introduced notion of cluster adjacency. We provide evidence for this conjecture by using the Sklyanin Poisson bracket on Gr(4,n) to check numerous examples.
We derive new positivity bounds for scattering amplitudes in theories with a massless graviton in the spectrum in four spacetime dimensions, of relevance for the weak gravity conjecture and modified gravity theories. The bounds imply that extremal black holes are self-repulsive, $M/|Q|<1$ in suitable units, and that they are unstable to decay to smaller extremal black holes, providing an S-matrix proof of the weak gravity conjecture. We also present other applications of our bounds to the effective field theory of axions, $P(X)$ theories, weakly broken galileons, and curved spacetimes.
We use the entropy function formalism introduced by A. Sen to obtain the entropy of $AdS_{2}times S^{d-2}$ extremal and static black holes in four and five dimensions, with higher derivative terms of a general type. Starting from a generalized Einstein--Maxwell action with nonzero cosmological constant, we examine all possible scalar invariants that can be formed from the complete set of Riemann invariants (up to order 10 in derivatives). The resulting entropies show the deviation from the well known Bekenstein--Hawking area law $S=A/4G$ for Einsteins gravity up to second order derivatives.
The statistical model of crystal melting represents BPS configurations of D-branes on a toric Calabi-Yau three-fold. Recently it has been noticed that an infinite-dimensional algebra, the quiver Yangian, acts consistently on the crystal-melting configurations. We physically derive the algebra and its action on the BPS states, starting with the effective supersymmetric quiver quantum mechanics on the D-brane worldvolume. This leads to remarkable combinatorial identities involving equivariant integrations on the moduli space of the quantum mechanics, which can be checked by numerical computations.