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Register a new userLong Baseline Observations of the HD100546 Protoplanetary Disk with ALMA
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Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), we observed the young Herbig star HD 100546, host to a prominent disk with a deep, wide gap in the dust. The high-resolution 1.3 mm continuum observation reveals fine radial and azimuthal substructures in the form of a complex maze of ridges and trenches sculpting a dust ring. The $^{12}$CO(2-1) channel maps are modulated by wiggles or kinks that deviate from Keplerian kinematics particularly over the continuum ring, where deviations span 90$^circ$ in azimuth, covering 5 km s$^{-1}$. The most pronounced wiggle resembles the imprint of an embedded massive planet of at least 5 M$_{rm Jup}$ predicted from previous hydrodynamical simulations (Perez, Casassus, & Benitez-Llambay 2018). Such planet is expected to open a deep gap in both gas and dust density fields within a few orbital timescales, yet the kinematic wiggles lie near ridges in the continuum. The lesser strength of the wiggles in the $^{13}$CO and C$^{18}$O isotopologues show that the kinematic signature weakens at lower disk heights, and suggests qualitatively that it is due to vertical flows in the disk surface. Within the gap, the velocity field transitions from Keplerian to strongly non-Keplerian via a twist in position angle, suggesting the presence of another perturber and/or an inner warp. We also present VLT/SPHERE sparse aperture masking data which recovers scattered light emission from the gaps edges but shows no evidence for signal within the gap, discarding a stellar binary origin for its opening.
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The paper presents new high angular resolution ALMA 1.3 mm dust continuum observations of the protoplanetary system AS 209 in the Ophiuchus star forming region. The dust continuum emission is characterized by a main central core and two prominent rings at $r = 75,$au and $r = 130,$au intervaled by two gaps at at $r = 62,$au and $r = 103,$au. The two gaps have different widths and depths, with the inner one being narrower and shallower. We determined the surface density of the millimeter dust grains using the 3D radiative transfer disk code textsc{dali}. According to our fiducial model the inner gap is partially filled with millimeter grains while the outer gap is largely devoid of dust. The inferred surface density is compared to 3D hydrodynamical simulations (FARGO-3D) of planet-disk interaction. The outer dust gap is consistent with the presence of a giant planet ($M_{rm planet} sim 0.8,M_{rm Staturn}$); the planet is responsible for the gap opening and for the pile-up of dust at the outer edge of the planet orbit. The simulations also show that the same planet can give origin to the inner gap at $r = 62,$au. The relative position of the two dust gaps is close to the 2:1 resonance and we have investigated the possibility of a second planet inside the inner gap. The resulting surface density (including location, width and depth of the two dust gaps) are in agreement with the observations. The properties of the inner gap pose a strong constraint to the mass of the inner planet ($M_{rm planet} < 0.1,M_{rm J}$). In both scenarios (single or pair of planets), the hydrodynamical simulations suggest a very low disk viscosity ($alpha < 10^{-4}$). Given the young age of the system (0.5 - 1 Myr), this result implies that the formation of giant planets occurs on a timescale of $lesssim$ 1,Myr.
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of a protoplanetary disk around the T Tauri star Sz~84 and analyses of the structures of the inner cavity in the central region of the dust disk. Sz~84s spectral energy distribution (SED) has been known to exhibit negligible infrared excess at $lambda lesssim$10~$mu$m due to the disks cavity structure. Analyses of the observed visibilities of dust continuum at 1.3~mm and the SED indicate that the size of the cavity in the disk of large (millimeter size) dust grains is 8~au in radius and that in the disk of small (sub-micron size) dust grains is 60~au in radius. Furthermore, from the SED analyses, we estimate that the upper limit mass of small dust grains at $r<$60~au is less than $sim$10$^{-3}$~$M_{rm earth}$, which is $lesssim$0.01~% of the total (small~$+$~large) dust mass at $r<$60~au. These results suggest that large dust grains are dominant at $r<$60~au, implying that dust grains efficiently grow with less efficient fragmentation in this region, potentially due to weak turbulence and/or stickier dust grains. The balance of grain growth and dust fragmentation is an important factor for determining the size of large dust grains in protoplanetary disks, and thus Sz~84 could serve as a good testbed for investigations of grain growth in such disks.
We present ALMA observations of the FW Tau system, a close binary pair of M5 stars with a wide-orbit (300 AU projected separation) substellar companion. The companion is extremely faint and red in the optical and near-infrared, but boasts a weak far-infrared excess and optical/near-infrared emission lines indicative of a primordial accretion disk of gas and dust. The component-resolved 1.3 mm continuum emission is found to be associated only with the companion, with a flux (1.78 +/- 0.03 mJy) that indicates a dust mass of 1-2 M_Earth. While this mass reservoir is insufficient to form a giant planet, it is more than sufficient to produce an analog of the Kepler-42 exoplanetary system or the Galilean satellites. The mass and geometry of the disk-bearing FW Tau companion remains unclear. Near-infrared spectroscopy shows deep water bands that indicate a spectral type later than M5, but substantial veiling prevents a more accurate determination of the effective temperature (and hence mass). Both a disk-bearing planetary-mass companion seen in direct light or a brown dwarf tertiary viewed in light scattered by an edge-on disk or envelope remain possibilities.
We report an analysis of the dust disk around DM~Tau, newly observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 1.3 mm. The ALMA observations with high sensitivity (8.4~$mu$Jy/beam) and high angular resolution (35~mas, 5.1~au) detect two asymmetries on the ring at $rsim$20~au. They could be two vortices in early evolution, the destruction of a large scale vortex, or double continuum emission peaks with different dust sizes. We also found millimeter emissions with $sim$50~$mu$Jy (a lower limit dust mass of 0.3~$M_{rm Moon}$) inside the 3-au ring. To characterize these emissions, we modeled the spectral energy distribution (SED) of DM~Tau using a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code. We found that an additional ring at $r=$ 1~au could explain both the DM~Tau SED and the central point source. The disk midplane temperature at the 1-au ring calculated in our modeling is less than the typical water sublimation temperature of 150~K, prompting the possibility of forming small icy planets there.
The gas and dust are spatially segregated in protoplanetary disks due to the vertical settling and radial drift of large grains. A fuller accounting of the mass content and distribution in disks therefore requires spectral line observations. We extend the modeling approach presented in Williams & Best (2014) to show that gas surface density profiles can be measured from high fidelity 13CO integrated intensity images. We demonstrate the methodology by fitting ALMA observations of the HD 163296 disk to determine a gas mass, Mgas = 0.048 solar masse, and accretion disk characteristic size Rc = 213au and gradient gamma = 0.39. The same parameters match the C18O 2--1 image and indicates an abundance ratio [13CO]/[C18O] of 700 independent of radius. To test how well this methodology can be applied to future line surveys of smaller, lower mass T Tauri disks, we create a large 13CO 2--1 image library and fit simulated data. For disks with gas masses 3-10 Jupiter masses at 150pc, ALMA observations with a resolution of 0.2-0.3 arcseconds and integration times of about 20 minutes allow reliable estimates of Rc to within about 10au and gamma to within about 0.2. Economic gas imaging surveys are therefore feasible and offer the opportunity to open up a new dimension for studying disk structure and its evolution toward planet formation.
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