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We introduce a new and extensive theory of noncommutative convexity along with a corresponding theory of noncommutative functions. We establish noncommutative analogues of the fundamental results from classical convexity theory, and apply these ideas to develop a noncommutative Choquet theory that generalizes much of classical Choquet theory. The central objects of interest in noncommutative convexity are noncommutative convex sets. The category of compact noncommutative sets is dual to the category of operator systems, and there is a robust notion of extreme point for a noncommutative convex set that is dual to Arvesons notion of boundary representation for an operator system. We identify the C*-algebra of continuous noncommutative functions on a compact noncommutative convex set as the maximal C*-algebra of the operator system of continuous noncommutative affine functions on the set. In the noncommutative setting, unital completely positive maps on this C*-algebra play the role of representing measures in the classical setting. The continuous convex noncommutative functions determine an order on the set of unital completely positive maps that is analogous to the classical Choquet order on probability measures. We characterize this order in terms of the extensions and dilations of the maps, providing a powerful new perspective on the structure of completely positive maps on operator systems. Finally, we establish a noncommutative generalization of the Choquet-Bishop-de Leeuw theorem asserting that every point in a compact noncommutative convex set has a representing map that is supported on the extreme boundary. In the separable case, we obtain a corresponding integral representation theorem.
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We introduce a notion of noncommutative Choquet simplex, or briefly an nc simplex, that generalizes the classical notion of a simplex. While every simplex is an nc simplex, there are many more nc simplices. They arise naturally from C*-algebras and in noncommutative dynamics. We characterize nc simplices in terms of their geometry and in terms of structural properties of their corresponding operator systems. There is a natural definition of nc Bauer simplex that generalizes the classical definition of a Bauer simplex. We show that a compact nc convex set is an nc Bauer simplex if and only if it is affinely homeomorphic to the nc state space of a unital C*-algebra, generalizing a classical result of Bauer for unital commutative C*-algebras. We obtain several applications to noncommutative dynamics. We show that the set of nc states of a C*-algebra that are invariant with respect to the action of a discrete group is an nc simplex. From this, we obtain a noncommutative ergodic decomposition theorem with uniqueness. Finally, we establish a new characterization of discrete groups with Kazhdans property (T) that extends a result of Glasner and Weiss. Specifically, we show that a discrete group has property (T) if and only if for every action of the group on a unital C*-algebra, the set of invariant states is affinely homeomorphic to the state space of a unital C*-algebra.
The noncommutative Gurarij space $mathbb{mathbb{mathbb{NG}}}$, initially defined by Oikhberg, is a canonical object in the theory of operator spaces. As the Fra{i}ss{e} limit of the class of finite-dimensional nuclear operator spaces, it can be seen as the noncommutative analogue of the classical Gurarij Banach space. In this paper, we prove that the automorphism group of $mathbb{mathbb{NG}}$ is extremely amenable, i.e. any of its actions on compact spaces has a fixed point. The proof relies on the Dual Ramsey Theorem, and a version of the Kechris--Pestov--Todorcevic correspondence in the setting of operator spaces. Recent work of Davidson and Kennedy, building on previous work of Arveson, Effros, Farenick, Webster, and Winkler, among others, shows that nuclear operator systems can be seen as the noncommutative analogue of Choquet simplices. The analogue of the Poulsen simplex in this context is the matrix state space $mathbb{NP}$ of the Fra{i}ss{e} limit $A(mathbb{NP})$ of the class of finite-dimensional nuclear operator systems. We show that the canonical action of the automorphism group of $mathbb{NP}$ on the compact set $mathbb{NP}_1$ of unital linear functionals on $A(mathbb{NP})$ is minimal and it factors onto any minimal action, whence providing a description of the universal minimal flow of textrm{Aut}$left( mathbb{NP}% right) $.
We show norm estimates for the sum of independent random variables in noncommutative $L_p$-spaces for $1<p<infty$ following our previous work. These estimates generalize the classical Rosenthal inequality in the commutative case. Among applications, we derive an equivalence for the $p$-norm of the singular values of a random matrix with independent entries, and characterize those symmetric subspaces and unitary ideals which can be realized as subspaces of a noncommutative $L_p$ for $2<p<infty$.
For a closed cocompact subgroup $Gamma$ of a locally compact group $G$, given a compact abelian subgroup $K$ of $G$ and a homomorphism $rho:hat{K}to G$ satisfying certain conditions, Landstad and Raeburn constructed equivariant noncommutative deformations $C^*(hat{G}/Gamma, rho)$ of the homogeneous space $G/Gamma$, generalizing Rieffels construction of quantum Heisenberg manifolds. We show that when $G$ is a Lie group and $G/Gamma$ is connected, given any norm on the Lie algebra of $G$, the seminorm on $C^*(hat{G}/Gamma, rho)$ induced by the derivation map of the canonical $G$-action defines a compact quantum metric. Furthermore, it is shown that this compact quantum metric space depends on $rho$ continuously, with respect to quantum Gromov-Hausdorff distances.
We establish the dual equivalence of the category of (potentially nonunital) operator systems and the category of pointed compact nc (noncommutative) convex sets, extending a result of Davidson and the first author. We then apply this dual equivalence to establish a number of results about operator systems, some of which are new even in the unital setting. For example, we show that the maximal and minimal C*-covers of an operator system can be realized in terms of the C*-algebra of continuous nc functions on its nc quasistate space, clarifying recent results of Connes and van Suijlekom. We also characterize C*-simple operator systems, i.e. operator systems with simple minimal C*-cover, in terms of their nc quasistate spaces. We develop a theory of quotients of operator systems that extends the theory of quotients of unital operator algebras. In addition, we extend results of the first author and Shamovich relating to nc Choquet simplices. We show that an operator system is a C*-algebra if and only if its nc quasistate space is an nc Bauer simplex with zero as an extreme point, and we show that a second countable locally compact group has Kazhdans property (T) if and only if for every action of the group on a C*-algebra, the set of invariant quasistates is the quasistate space of a C*-algebra.
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