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Register a new userStreetscape augmentation using generative adversarial networks: insights related to health and wellbeing
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Added by
Jasper Sebastiaan Wijnands
Publication date
2019
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Deep learning using neural networks has provided advances in image style transfer, merging the content of one image (e.g., a photo) with the style of another (e.g., a painting). Our research shows this concept can be extended to analyse the design of streetscapes in relation to health and wellbeing outcomes. An Australian population health survey (n=34,000) was used to identify the spatial distribution of health and wellbeing outcomes, including general health and social capital. For each outcome, the most and least desirable locations formed two domains. Streetscape design was sampled using around 80,000 Google Street View images per domain. Generative adversarial networks translated these images from one domain to the other, preserving the main structure of the input image, but transforming the `style from locations where self-reported health was bad to locations where it was good. These translations indicate that areas in Melbourne with good general health are characterised by sufficient green space and compactness of the urban environment, whilst streetscape imagery related to high social capital contained more and wider footpaths, fewer fences and more grass. Beyond identifying relationships, the method is a first step towards computer-generated design interventions that have the potential to improve population health and wellbeing.
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The application of supervised deep learning methods in digital pathology is limited due to their sensitivity to domain shift. Digital Pathology is an area prone to high variability due to many sources, including the common practice of evaluating several consecutive tissue sections stained with different staining protocols. Obtaining labels for each stain is very expensive and time consuming as it requires a high level of domain knowledge. In this article, we propose an unsupervised augmentation approach based on adversarial image-to-image translation, which facilitates the training of stain invariant supervised convolutional neural networks. By training the network on one commonly used staining modality and applying it to images that include corresponding, but differently stained, tissue structures, the presented method demonstrates significant improvements over other approaches. These benefits are illustrated in the problem of glomeruli segmentation in seven different staining modalities (PAS, Jones H&E, CD68, Sirius Red, CD34, H&E and CD3) and analysis of the learned representations demonstrate their stain invariance.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) is ubiquitous in almost all modern desktop software, mobile applications, and online websites. A good GUI design is crucial to the success of the software in the market, but designing a good GUI which requires much innovation and creativity is difficult even to well-trained designers. Besides, the requirement of the rapid development of GUI design also aggravates designers working load. So, the availability of various automated generated GUIs can help enhance the design personalization and specialization as they can cater to the taste of different designers. To assist designers, we develop a model GUIGAN to automatically generate GUI designs. Different from conventional image generation models based on image pixels, our GUIGAN is to reuse GUI components collected from existing mobile app GUIs for composing a new design that is similar to natural-language generation. Our GUIGAN is based on SeqGAN by modeling the GUI component style compatibility and GUI structure. The evaluation demonstrates that our model significantly outperforms the best of the baseline methods by 30.77% in Frechet Inception distance (FID) and 12.35% in 1-Nearest Neighbor Accuracy (1-NNA). Through a pilot user study, we provide initial evidence of the usefulness of our approach for generating acceptable brand new GUI designs.
One of the biggest issues facing the use of machine learning in medical imaging is the lack of availability of large, labelled datasets. The annotation of medical images is not only expensive and time consuming but also highly dependent on the availability of expert observers. The limited amount of training data can inhibit the performance of supervised machine learning algorithms which often need very large quantities of data on which to train to avoid overfitting. So far, much effort has been directed at extracting as much information as possible from what data is available. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) offer a novel way to unlock additional information from a dataset by generating synthetic samples with the appearance of real images. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of introducing GAN derived synthetic data to the training datasets in two brain segmentation tasks, leading to improvements in Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of between 1 and 5 percentage points under different conditions, with the strongest effects seen fewer than ten training image stacks are available.
Compressive sensing magnetic resonance imaging (CS-MRI) accelerates the acquisition of MR images by breaking the Nyquist sampling limit. In this work, a novel generative adversarial network (GAN) based framework for CS-MRI reconstruction is proposed. Leveraging a combination of patch-based discriminator and structural similarity index based loss, our model focuses on preserving high frequency content as well as fine textural details in the reconstructed image. Dense and residual connections have been incorporated in a U-net based generator architecture to allow easier transfer of information as well as variable network length. We show that our algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of quality of reconstruction and robustness to noise. Also, the reconstruction time, which is of the order of milliseconds, makes it highly suitable for real-time clinical use.
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DCE-MRI) is widely used to complement ultrasound examinations and x-ray mammography during the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. However, images generated by various MRI scanners (e.g. GE Healthcare vs Siemens) differ both in intensity and noise distribution, preventing algorithms trained on MRIs from one scanner to generalize to data from other scanners successfully. We propose a method for image normalization to solve this problem. MRI normalization is challenging because it requires both normalizing intensity values and mapping between the noise distributions of different scanners. We utilize a cycle-consistent generative adversarial network to learn a bidirectional mapping between MRIs produced by GE Healthcare and Siemens scanners. This allows us learning the mapping between two different scanner types without matched data, which is not commonly available. To ensure the preservation of breast shape and structures within the breast, we propose two technical innovations. First, we incorporate a mutual information loss with the CycleGAN architecture to ensure that the structure of the breast is maintained. Second, we propose a modified discriminator architecture which utilizes a smaller field-of-view to ensure the preservation of finer details in the breast tissue. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations show that the second proposed method was able to consistently preserve a high level of detail in the breast structure while also performing the proper intensity normalization and noise mapping. Our results demonstrate that the proposed model can successfully learn a bidirectional mapping between MRIs produced by different vendors, potentially enabling improved accuracy of downstream computational algorithms for diagnosis and detection of breast cancer. All the data used in this study are publicly available.
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