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Register a new userCerium-Doped Fused-Silica Fibers as Wavelength Shifters
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We have evaluated the performance of a Ce-doped fused-silica fiber as wavelength shifter coupled to a CeF$_{3}$ crystal using electron beams at CERN. The pulse shape and collection efficiency were measured using irradiated (100 kGy) and un-irradiated fibers. In addition, we evaluated the light yield of various Ce-doped fibers and explored the possibility of using them in the future, including for precision timing applications in a high-luminosity collider environment.
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The Mu2e experiment will search for a neutrino-less muon-to-electron conversion process with almost four orders of magnitude of sensitivity improvement relative to the current best limit. One important background is caused by cosmic ray muons, and particles produced by their decay or interactions, mimicking the conversion electron signature. In order to reach the design sensitivity, Mu2e needs to obtain a cosmic ray veto (CRV) efficiency of 99.99%. The CRV system consists of four layers of plastic scintillating counters read out by silicon photo-multipliers (SiPM) through wavelength shifting fibers. The CRV counters must produce sufficient photo statistics in order to achieve the required veto efficiency. We study the light properties of several wavelength shifting fiber sizes in order to optimize the total light yield for the CRV system. The measurements are performed using a scanner designed to ensure fiber quality for the CRV.
This paper presents selected optically stimulated luminescence properties of Lu2SiO5:Ce single crystalline films grown using Liquid Phase Epitaxy technique. Comparison of continuous wave optically stimulated luminescence decay curves under blue and green light stimulation is shown. The dose response characteristic is found to be linear in the studied range from 100 uGy to 1 Gy. Analyses of the linearly modulated optically stimulated luminescence signal enabled establishing of the photoionization cross sections for blue light (470 nm). Bleachability and thermal stability of CW-OSL signal are discussed, as well as preliminary results of the fading study.
A large number of particle detectors employ liquid argon as their target material owing to its high scintillation yield and its ability to drift ionization charge for large distances. Scintillation light from argon is peaked at 128 nm and a wavelength shifter is required for its efficient detection. In this work we directly compare the light yield achieved in two identical liquid argon chambers, one of which is equipped with PolyEthylene Naphthalate (PEN) and the other with TetraPhenyl Butadiene (TPB) wavelength shifter. Both chambers are lined with enhanced specular reflectors and instrumented with SiPMs with a coverage fraction of approximately 1%, which represents a geometry comparable to the future large scale detectors. We measured the light yield of the PEN chamber to be 39.4$pm$0.4(stat)$pm$1.9(syst)% of the yield of the TPB chamber. Using a Monte Carlo simulation this result is used to extract the wavelength shifting efficiency of PEN relative to TPB equal to 47.2$pm$5.7%. This result paves the way for the use of easily available PEN foils as a wavelength shifter, which can substantially simplify the construction of the future liquid argon detectors.
Ce3+ doped oxide materials are promising for optical emission in the green spectral range. The growth of CaSc2O4:Ce3+ single crystals is reported here for the first time. Laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) proved to be suitable for this refractive material, if performed in nitrogen of 99.999% purity. If the oxygen content of the growth atmosphere is substantially larger, Ce4+ is formed, which shows no useful optical emission. If the oxygen content is substantially lower, severe evaporation of calcium impedes stable crystal growth. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations allowed to describe evaporation of species and cerium dopant charging under different growth conditions. The evaporation could be investigated by quadrupole mass spectrometry of emanating gases and by chemical analysis of fibers with ICP-OES. The congruent melting point was confirmed by DTA at 2110 degrees centigrade. Photoluminescence spectrometry of fibers revealed the dependence of optical emission in the green spectral range on growth conditions.
The emission of muonium ($mu^+e^-$) atoms into vacuum from silica aerogel with laser ablation on its surface was studied with various ablation structures at room temperature using the subsurface muon beams at TRIUMF and Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). Laser ablation was applied to produce holes or grooves with typical dimensions of a few hundred $mu$m to a few mm, except for some extreme conditions. The measured emission rate tends to be higher for larger fractions of ablation opening and for shallower depths. More than a few ablation structures reach the emission rates similar to the highest achieved in the past measurements. The emission rate is found to be stable at least for a couple of days. Measurements of spin precession amplitudes for the produced muonium atoms and remaining muons in a magnetic field determine a muonium formation fraction of $(65.5 pm 1.8)$%. The precession of the polarized muonium atoms is also observed clearly in vacuum. A projection of the emission rates measured at TRIUMF to the corresponding rates at J-PARC is demonstrated taking the different beam condition into account reasonably.
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