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Register a new userGalaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Timescales for galaxies crossing the green valley
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S. Phillipps
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We explore the constraints that can be placed on the evolutionary timescales for typical low redshift galaxies evolving from the blue cloud through the green valley and onto the red sequence. We utilise galaxies from the GAMA survey with 0.1 < z < 0.2 and classify them according to the intrinsic (u-r?) colours of their stellar populations, as determined by fits to their multi-wavelength spectral energy distributions. Using these fits to also determine stellar population ages and star formation timescales, we argue that our results are consistent with a green valley population dominated by galaxies that are simply decreasing their star formation (running out of gas) over a timescale of 2-4 Gyr which are seen at a specific epoch in their evolution (approximately 1.6 e-folding times after their peak in star formation). If their fitted star formation histories are extrapolated forwards, the green galaxies will further redden over time, until they attain the colours of a passive population. In this picture, no specific quenching event which cuts-off their star formation is required, though it remains possible that the decline in star formation in green galaxies may be expedited by internal or external forces. However, there is no evidence that green galaxies have recently changed their star formation timescales relative to their previous longer term star formation histories.
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We explore constraints on the joint photometric and morphological evolution of typical low redshift galaxies as they move from the blue cloud through the green valley and onto the red sequence. We select GAMA survey galaxies with $10.25<{rm log}(M_*/M_odot)<10.75$ and $z<0.2$ classified according to their intrinsic $u^*-r^*$ colour. From single component Sersic fits, we find that the stellar mass-sensitive $K-$band profiles of red and green galaxy populations are very similar, while $g-$band profiles indicate more disk-like morphologies for the green galaxies: apparent (optical) morphological differences arise primarily from radial mass-to-light ratio variations. Two-component fits show that most green galaxies have significant bulge and disk components and that the blue to red evolution is driven by colour change in the disk. Together, these strongly suggest that galaxies evolve from blue to red through secular disk fading and that a strong bulge is present prior to any decline in star formation. The relative abundance of the green population implies a typical timescale for traversing the green valley $sim 1-2$~Gyr and is independent of environment, unlike that of the red and blue populations. While environment likely plays a r^ole in triggering the passage across the green valley, it appears to have little effect on time taken. These results are consistent with a green valley population dominated by (early type) disk galaxies that are insufficiently supplied with gas to maintain previous levels of disk star formation, eventually attaining passive colours. No single event is needed quench their star formation.
Using a sample of 472 local Universe (z<0.06) galaxies in the stellar mass range 10.25 < log M*/M_sun < 10.75, we explore the variation in galaxy structure as a function of morphology and galaxy colour. Our sample of galaxies is sub-divided into red, green and blue colour groups and into elliptical and non-elliptical (disk-type) morphologies. Using KiDS and VIKING derived postage stamp images, a group of eight volunteers visually classified bars, rings, morphological lenses, tidal streams, shells and signs of merger activity for all systems. We find a significant surplus of rings ($2.3sigma$) and lenses ($2.9sigma$) in disk-type galaxies as they transition across the green valley. Combined, this implies a joint ring/lens green valley surplus significance of $3.3sigma$ relative to equivalent disk-types within either the blue cloud or the red sequence. We recover a bar fraction of ~44% which remains flat with colour, however, we find that the presence of a bar acts to modulate the incidence of rings and (to a lesser extent) lenses, with rings in barred disk-type galaxies more common by ~20-30 percentage points relative to their unbarred counterparts, regardless of colour. Additionally, green valley disk-type galaxies with a bar exhibit a significant $3.0sigma$ surplus of lenses relative to their blue/red analogues. The existence of such structures rules out violent transformative events as the primary end-of-life evolutionary mechanism, with a more passive scenario the favoured candidate for the majority of galaxies rapidly transitioning across the green valley.
We derive the close pair fractions and volume merger rates as a function of luminosity and morphology for galaxies in the GAMA survey with -23 < M(r) < -17 at 0.01 < z < 0.22. The merger fraction is about 0.015 at all luminosities (assuming 1/2 of pairs merge) and the volume merger rate is about 0.00035 per cubic Mpc per Gyr. Dry mergers (between red or spheroidal galaxies) are uncommon and decrease with decreasing luminosity. Fainter mergers are wet, between blue or disky galaxies. Damp mergers (one of each type) follow the average of dry and wet mergers. In the brighter luminosity bin (-23 < M(r) < -20) the merger rate evolution is flat, irrespective of colour or morphology. The makeup of the merging population does not change since z = 0.2. Major mergers and dry mergers appear comparatively unimportant in the buildup of the red sequence over the past 2 Gyr. We compare the colour, morphology, environmental density and degree of activity of galaxies in pairs to those of more isolated objects in the same volume. Galaxies in close pairs tend to be both redder and slightly more spheroid-dominated. This may be due to harassment in multiple previous passes prior to the current interaction. Galaxy pairs do not appear to prefer significantly denser environments. There is no evidence of an enhancement in the AGN fraction in pairs, compared to other galaxies in the same volume.
We study the radio emission of the most massive galaxies in a sample of dynamically relaxed and un-relaxed galaxy groups from Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA). The dynamical state of the group is defined by the stellar dominance of the brightest group galaxy, e.g. the luminosity gap between the two most luminous members, and the offset between the position of the brightest group galaxy and the luminosity centroid of the group. We find that the radio luminosity of the most massive galaxy in the group strongly depends on its environment, such that the brightest group galaxies in dynamically young (evolving) groups are an order of magnitude more luminous in the radio than those with a similar stellar mass but residing in dynamically old (relaxed) groups. This observation has been successfully reproduced by a newly developed semi-analytic model which allows us to explore the various causes of these findings. We find that the fraction of radio loud brightest group galaxies in the observed dynamically young groups is ~2 times that in the dynamically old groups. We discuss the implications of this observational constraint on the central galaxy properties in the context of galaxy mergers and the super-massive blackhole accretion rate.
We measure the projected 2-point correlation function of galaxies in the 180 deg$^2$ equatorial regions of the GAMA II survey, for four different redshift slices between z = 0.0 and z=0.5. To do this we further develop the Cole (2011) method of producing suitable random catalogues for the calculation of correlation functions. We find that more r-band luminous, more massive and redder galaxies are more clustered. We also find that red galaxies have stronger clustering on scales less than ~3 $h^{-1}$ Mpc. We compare to two differe
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