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This document reflects thoughts on opportunities from high-energy nuclear collisions in the 2020s.
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This document summarizes thoughts on opportunities from high-energy nuclear collisions.
The production of vector boson tagged heavy quark jets provides potentially new tools to study jet quenching, especially the mass hierarchy of parton energy loss. In this work, we present the first theoretical study on $Z^0,+,$b-jet in heavy-ion collisions. Firstly utilizing a Monte Carlo transport model, our simulations give nice descriptions of the azimuthal angle correlation $Deltaphi_{jZ}$, transverse momentum imbalance $x_{jZ}$ for $Z^0,+,$jet as well as the nuclear modification factor $R_{AA}$ of inclusive b-jet in Pb+Pb collisions. Then we calculate the azimuthal angular correlation $Deltaphi_{bZ}$ of $Z^0,+,$b-jet and $Deltaphi_{bb}$ of $Z^0,+,2,$b-jets in central Pb+Pb collisions at $sqrt{s_{NN}}=$~5.02 TeV. We find that the medium modification of the azimuthal angular correlation for $Z^0,+,$b-jet has a weaker dependence on $Deltaphi_{bZ}$, as compared to that for $Z^0,+,$jet. With the high purity of quark jet in $Z^0,+,$(b-)jet production, we calculate the momentum imbalance distribution of $x_{bZ}$ of $Z^0,+,$b-jet in Pb+Pb collisions. We observe a smaller shifting of the mean value of momentum imbalance for $Z^0,+,$b-jet in Pb+Pb collisions $Deltaleftlangle x_{bZ} rightrangle$, as compared to that for $Z^0,+,$jet. In addition, we investigate the nuclear modification factors of tagged jet cross sections $I_{AA}$, and show a much stronger suppression of $I_{AA}$ in $Z^0,+,$jet than that of $Z^0,+,$b-jet in central Pb+Pb collisions.
We carry out the first detailed calculations of jet production associated with $W$ gauge bosons in Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In our calculations, the production of $W$+jet in p+p collisions as a reference is obtained by Sherpa, which performs next-to-leading-order matrix element calculations matched to the resummation of parton shower simulations, while jet propagation and medium response in the quark-gluon plasma are simulated with the Linear Boltzmann Transport (LBT) model. We provide numerical predictions on seven observables of $W$+jet production with jet quenching in Pb+Pb collisions: the medium modification factor for the tagged jet cross sections $I_{AA}$, the distribution in invariant mass between the two leading jets in $N_{jets}ge 2$ events $m_{jj}$, the missing $p_T$ or the vector sum of the lepton and jet transverse momentum $|vec{p}_T^{Miss}|$, the summed scalar $p_T$ of all the jets in an event $S_T$, transverse momentum imbalance $x_{jW}$, average number of jets per $W$ boson $R_{jW}$, and azimuthal angle between the $W$ boson and jets $Delta phi_{jW}$. The distinct nuclear modifications of these seven observables in Pb+Pb relative to that in p+p collisions are presented with detailed discussions.
The multiplicities of light (anti)nuclei were measured recently by the ALICE collaboration in Pb+Pb collisions at the center-of-mass collision energy $sqrt{s_{NN}} =2.76$ TeV. Surprisingly, the hadron resonance gas model is able to perfectly describe their multiplicities under various assumptions. For instance, one can consider the (anti)nuclei with a vanishing hard-core radius (as the point-like particles) or with the hard-core radius of proton, but the fit quality is the same for these assumptions. In this paper we assume the hard-core radius of nuclei consisting of $A$ baryons or antibaryons to follow the simple law $R(A) = R_b (A)^frac{1}{3}$, where $R_b$ is the hard-core radius of nucleon. To implement such a relation into the hadron resonance gas model we employ the induced surface tension concept and analyze the hadronic and (anti)nuclei multiplicities measured by the ALICE collaboration. The hadron resonance gas model with the induced surface tension allows us to verify different scenarios of chemical freeze-out of (anti)nuclei. It is shown that the most successful description of hadrons can be achieved at the chemical freeze-out temperature $T_h=150$ MeV, while the one for all (anti)nuclei is $T_A=168.5$ MeV. Possible explanations of this high temperature of (anti)nuclei chemical freeze-out are discussed.
This is a review of the theoretical background, experimental techniques, and phenomenology of what is called the Glauber Model in relativistic heavy ion physics. This model is used to calculate geometric quantities, which are typically expressed as impact parameter (b), number of participating nucleons (N_part) and number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions (N_coll). A brief history of the original Glauber model is presented, with emphasis on its development into the purely classical, geometric picture that is used for present-day data analyses. Distinctions are made between the optical limit and Monte Carlo approaches, which are often used interchangably but have some essential differences in particular contexts. The methods used by the four RHIC experiments are compared and contrasted, although the end results are reassuringly similar for the various geometric observables. Finally, several important RHIC measurements are highlighted that rely on geometric quantities, estimated from Glauber calculations, to draw insight from experimental observables. The status and future of Glauber modeling in the next generation of heavy ion physics studies is briefly discussed.
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