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Register a new userSmall-scale motions in solar filaments as the precursors of eruptions
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Filaments, the dense cooler plasma floating in the solar corona supported by magnetic fields, generally exhibit certain activations before they erupt. In our previous study (Seki et al. 2017 ), we observed that the standard deviation of the line-of-sight (LOS) velocities of the small-scale motions in a filament increased prior to its eruption. However, because that study only analyzed one event, it is unclear whether such an increase in the standard deviation of LOS velocities is common in filament eruptions. In this study, 12 filaments that vanished in H{alpha} line center images were analyzed in a manner similar to the one in our previous work; these included two quiescent filaments, four active region filaments, and six intermediate filaments. We verified that in all the 12 events, the standard deviation of the LOS velocities increased before the filaments vanished. Moreover, we observed that the quiescent filaments had approximately 10 times longer duration of an increase in the standard deviation than the other types of filaments. We concluded that the standard deviation of the LOS velocities of the small-scale motions in a filament can potentially be used as the precursor of a filament eruption.
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We present a study on the evolution of the small scale velocity field in a solar filament as it approaches to the eruption. The observation was carried out by the Solar Dynamics Doppler Imager (SDDI) that was newly installed on the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope (SMART) at Hida Observatory. The SDDI obtains a narrow-band full disk image of the sun at 73 channels from H$alpha$ - 9.0 AA to H$alpha$ + 9.0 AA, allowing us to study the line-of-sight (LOS) velocity of the filament before and during the eruption. The observed filament is a quiescent filament that erupted on 2016 November 5. We derived the LOS velocity at each pixel in the filament using the Beckers cloud model, and made the histograms of the LOS velocity at each time. The standard deviation of the LOS velocity distribution can be regarded as a measure for the amplitude of the small scale motion in the filament. We found that the standard deviation on the previous day of the eruption was mostly constant around 2-3 km s$^{-1}$, and it slightly increased to 3-4 km s$^{-1}$ on the day of the eruption. It shows further increase with a rate of 1.1 m s$^{-2}$ about three hours before eruption and again with a rate of 2.8 m s$^{-2}$ about an hour before eruption. From this result we suggest the increase in the amplitude of the small scale motions in a filament can be regarded as a precursor of the eruption.
A filament, a dense cool plasma supported by the magnetic fields in the solar corona, often becomes unstable and erupts. It is empirically known that the filament often demonstrates some activations such as a turbulent motion prior to eruption. In our previous study (Seki et al. 2017), we analysed the Doppler velocity of an H{alpha} filament and found that the standard deviation of the line-of-sight-velocity (LOSV) distribution in a filament, which indicates the increasing amplitude of the small-scale motions, increased prior to the onset of the eruption. Here, we present a further analysis on this filament eruption, which initiated approximately at 03:40UT on 2016 November 5 in the vicinity of NOAA AR 12605. It includes a coronal line observation and the extrapolation of the surrounding magnetic fields. We found that both the spatially averaged micro-turbulence inside the filament and the nearby coronal line emission increased 6 and 10 hours prior to eruption, respectively. In this event, we did not find any significant changes in the global potential-field configuration preceding the eruption for the past 2 days, which indicates that there is a case in which it is difficult to predict the eruption only by tracking the extrapolated global magnetic fields. In terms of space weather prediction, our result on the turbulent motions in a filament could be used as the useful precursor of a filament eruption.
Highly turbulent nature of convection on the Sun causes strong multi-scale interaction of subsurface layers with the photosphere and chromosphere. According to realistic 3D radiative MHD numerical simulations ubiquitous small-scale vortex tubes are generated by turbulent flows below the visible surface and concentrated in the intergranular lanes. The vortex tubes can capture and amplify magnetic field, penetrate into chromospheric layers and initiate quasi-periodic flow eruptions that generates Alfvenic waves, transport mass and energy into the solar atmosphere. The simulations revealed high-speed flow patterns, and complicated thermodynamic and magnetic structures in the erupting vortex tubes. The spontaneous eruptions are initiated and driven by strong pressure gradients in the near-surface layers, and accelerated by the Lorentz force in the low chromosphere. In this paper, the simulation data are used to further investigate the dynamics of the eruptions, their spectro-polarimetric characteristics for the Fe I 6301.5 and 6302.5 A spectral lines, and demonstrate expected signatures of the eruptions in the Hinode SP data. We found that the complex dynamical structure of vortex tubes (downflows in the vortex core and upflows on periphery) can be captured by the Stokes I profiles. During an eruption, the ratio of down and upflows can suddenly change, and this effect can be observed in the Stokes V profile. Also, during the eruption the linear polarization signal increases, and this also can be detected with Hinode SP.
Jets often have a helical structure containing ejected plasma that is both hot and also cooler and denser than the corona. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain how jets are primarily attributed to a magnetic reconnection between the emergence of magnetic flux and environment or that of twisted photospheric motions that bring the system into a state of instability. Multi-wavelength observations of a twisted jet observed with AIA and IRIS were used to understand how the twist was injected into the jet. We followed the magnetic history of the active region based on the analysis of HMI vector magnetic field computed with the UNNOFIT code. This region is the result of the collapse of two emerging magnetic fluxes (EMFs) overlaid by arch filament systems that have been well-observed with AIA, IRIS, and NVST in H-alpha. In the magnetic field maps, we found evidence of the pattern of a long sigmoidal flux rope (FR) along the polarity inversion line between the two EMFs, which is the site of the reconnection. Before the jet, an extension of the FR was present and a part of it was detached and formed a small bipole with a bald patch (BP) region, which dynamically became an X-current sheet over the dome of one EMF where the reconnection took place. At the time of the reconnection, the Mg II spectra exhibited a strong extension of the blue wing that is decreasing over a distance of 10 Mm (from -300 km/s to a few km/s). This is the signature of the transfer of the twist to the jet. A comparison with numerical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations confirms the existence of the long FR. We conjecture that there is a transfer of twist to the jet during the extension of the FR to the reconnection site without FR eruption. There connection would start in the low atmosphere in the BP reconnection region and extend at an X-point along the current sheet formed above.
Advances in solar instrumentation have led to a widespread usage of time series to study the dynamics of solar features, specially at small spatial scales and at very fast cadences. Physical processes at such scales are determinant as building blocks for many others occurring from the lower to the upper layers of the solar atmosphere and beyond, ultimately for understanding the bigger picture of solar activity. Ground-based (SST) and space-borne (Hinode) high-resolution solar data are analyzed in a quiet Sun region displaying negative polarity small-scale magnetic concentrations and a cluster of bright points observed in G-band and Ca II H images. The studied region is characterized by the presence of two small-scale convective vortex-type plasma motions, one of which appears to be affecting the dynamics of both, magnetic features and bright points in its vicinity and therefore the main target of our investigations. We followed the evolution of bright points, intensity variations at different atmospheric heights and magnetic evolution for a set of interesting selected regions. A description of the evolution of the photospheric plasma motions in the region nearby the convective vortex is shown, as well as some plausible cases for convective collapse detected in Stokes profiles.
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